Observing the Effect of Grain Refinement on Crystal Growth of Al and Mg Alloys during Solidification Using In-Situ Neutron Diffraction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Grain Refinement of Al Alloys Using Al-Ti-B Refiners
1.2. Grain Refinement of Al Free, Mg Alloys Using Zr
1.3. Neutron Diffraction as a Tool for Materials Characterisation
1.4. Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Casting of Al-Cu and Mg-Zn Alloys
2.2. In-Situ Neutron Diffraction
2.3. Microstructure Characterisation
3. Results
3.1. Microstructure of Al-Cu and Mg-Zn Alloys with Grain Refinement
3.2. In-Situ Neutron Diffraction of Al-Cu and Mg-Zn Alloys
3.3. Fraction Solid Determination Using In-Situ Neutron Diffraction
4. Discussion on Solidification of Al and Mg Alloys
4.1. Solidification of Al-Cu and Al-Cu-Ti Alloys
4.2. Solidification of Mg-Zn and Mg-Zn-Zr Alloys
4.3. Differences in Mg and Al Alloy Solidification
5. Conclusions
- With sufficient addition of grain refining agents, the Mg-Zn alloy transitioned from a large, mainly equiaxed grain structure to a fine equiaxed grain structure, while the Al-Cu alloy transitioned from an initial columnar grain structure to that of a fine globular one.
- The fraction solid curves for the Mg-Zn alloy were highly fluctuating and varied widely between planes because of the large grain structure and unregulated growth of peak areas of planes. The planes for the Mg-Zn-Zr alloy showed little variation in peak areas and fraction solid, as the added Zr grain refiner provided regulation of solidification, resulting in the uniform growth of grains.
- The fraction solid curves for α-Al showed distinct profiles for the three investigated Al-Cu alloy conditions. Overall, the growth of α-Al was slower and more uniform for the refined alloys, which was consistent with the globular, equiaxed grain structure observed for these alloys. In addition, precipitation of Al2Cu varied between the unrefined and refined alloy conditions, leading to differences in phase morphology.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alloy | Al | Cu | Fe | Si | Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Cu | Bal. | 5.2 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.007 |
Al-Cu-02Ti | Bal. | 5.2 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
Al-Cu-05Ti | Bal. | 5.2 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
Mg | Zn | Al | Mn | Zr | |
Mg-Zn | Bal. | 5.7 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0 |
Mg-Zn-Zr | Bal. | 6.1 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.5 |
Alloy | Grain Size (µm) | % Reduction |
---|---|---|
Al-Cu (unrefined) | 1154 ± 238 | - |
Al-Cu-02Ti (refined) | 366 ± 61 | 68 |
Al-Cu-05Ti (refined) | 94 ± 14 | 92 |
Mg-Zn (unrefined) | 1272 ± 227 | - |
Mg-Zn-Zr (refined) | 104 ± 22 | 92 |
Liquidus Slope (m, °C/wt.%) | Solute Partition Coefficient (k, (wt.%/wt.%) | Solute Conc. (Co, wt.%) | Alloy | Growth Restriction Factor (Q, °C) * | %Increase in Q Relative to Ti or Zr Free Alloy | 1/Q | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al Alloys | |||||||
Cu | −3.4 | 0.17 | 5 | Al-Cu | 14.1 | - | 0.071 |
Al-Cu-02Ti | 18.6 | 32 | 0.054 | ||||
Ti | 33.3 | 7.8 | 0.02 or 0.05 | Al-Cu-05Ti | 25.4 | 80 | 0.039 |
Mg Alloys | |||||||
Zn | −6.04 | 0.12 | 5 | Mg-Zn | 25.6 | - | 0.037 |
Zr | 6.9 | 6.55 | 0.7 | Mg-Zn-Zr | 53.2 | 108 | 0.019 |
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Elsayed, A.; D’Elia, F.; Ravindran, C.; Sediako, D. Observing the Effect of Grain Refinement on Crystal Growth of Al and Mg Alloys during Solidification Using In-Situ Neutron Diffraction. Metals 2022, 12, 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050793
Elsayed A, D’Elia F, Ravindran C, Sediako D. Observing the Effect of Grain Refinement on Crystal Growth of Al and Mg Alloys during Solidification Using In-Situ Neutron Diffraction. Metals. 2022; 12(5):793. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050793
Chicago/Turabian StyleElsayed, Abdallah, Francesco D’Elia, Comondore Ravindran, and Dimitry Sediako. 2022. "Observing the Effect of Grain Refinement on Crystal Growth of Al and Mg Alloys during Solidification Using In-Situ Neutron Diffraction" Metals 12, no. 5: 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050793