Processing Mineralogy Study on Lead and Zinc Oxide Ore in Sichuan

Yang, Mei; Xiao, Wending; Yang, Xiang; Zhang, Patrick

doi:10.3390/met6040093

Open AccessArticle

Processing Mineralogy Study on Lead and Zinc Oxide Ore in Sichuan

by

Mei Yang

¹,

Wending Xiao

²,

Xiang Yang

¹ and

Patrick Zhang

^3,*

¹

School of Materials Science and Chemistry Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

²

Department of Minerals Processing, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China

³

Florida Industrial and Phosphate Research Institute, Florida Polytechnic University, Bartow, FL 33830, USA

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Metals 2016, 6(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/met6040093

Submission received: 16 February 2016 / Revised: 8 April 2016 / Accepted: 9 April 2016 / Published: 22 April 2016

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling of Metals)

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Abstract

:

The processing mineralogy characteristics of an oxidized lead-zinc ore from Sichuan were studied systematically using numerous modern instruments. Results showed that lead and zinc oxide content in the ore exceeded the minimum industrial grade, and also included a relatively high concentration of silver and iron. This ore is composed of many different minerals. Major zinc-containing minerals include sphalerite, hemimorphite, smithsonite, hydrozincite, zinc-containing baileychlore, and zinc-containing dolomite and calcite. Lead-containing minerals are primarily galena and cerussite with small amounts of dechenite, cesaronite, anglesite, limonite and coronadite. Gangue minerals include dolomite and calcite. Dissemination size for the main minerals ranges from medium (0.04 mm) to fine (0.02 mm). All the valuable minerals are well liberated, including galena, sphalerite, cerussite, calamine, and smithsonite. However, the dissemination relationships are complex. Lead is concentrated mainly in galena and cerussite, while zinc occurs primarily in sphalerite, calamine, and smithsonite. The theoretical recovery for lead and zinc were estimated at 72% and 67%, respectively.

Keywords:

oxidized lead-zinc ore; processing mineralogy; minerals compositions; dissemination characteristics; mode of occurrence

1. Introduction

Due to the extensive exploitation of lead-zinc deposits, lead and zinc sulfide ores are being depleted rapidly, and attention has been turned to the exploration of non-sulfide lead and zinc ores. China has abundant non-sulfide lead and zinc ores distributed mainly in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Qinhai, Guangxi and Hunan provinces. Utilization of these resources is of significant economic importance. Because of the difficulty in separating lead from zinc ore minerals in this type of ore, it is essential to develop new technologies and processes for the utilization of this type of resource [1,2]. Process mineralogy studies of the characteristics of minerals and their changes during minerals processing operations can provide useful guidance for interpreting mineral beneficiation mechanisms, designing beneficiation flowsheets and, optimizing unit operations [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. This is accomplished by measuring chemical compositions, mineral components, and mineral dissemination characteristics, and the occurrence of both the metals of interest and gangue materials. The most up-to-date and comprehensive review of non-sulfide zinc deposits was written by Borg [16]. Under this study, detailed process mineralogy was conducted on a non-sulfide lead-zinc ore from the province of Sichuan, thus providing basic data and a theoretical foundation for developing techniques to utilize this resource.

2. Materials and Methods

Table 1 shows the chemical compositions of the raw ore, indicating that both lead and zinc exceed the minimum industrial grade for lead-zinc oxide ores. This ore also contains appreciable amounts of silver and iron.

Phase analysis was conducted on the raw ore using the chemical method with the results shown in Table 2. Phase compositions are complex for both the lead and zinc minerals. Oxide minerals are dominant, followed by sulfide minerals, and iron and manganese oxides or hydroxides.

Quantitative mineral compositions of the ore were determined using a microscope and a Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA), an automatic minerals measurement system, shown in Table 3.

3. Results and Discussion

Results show that zinc-containing minerals include sphalerite, hemimorphite, smithsonite, hydrozincite, sheridanite and zinc-bearing dolomite and calcite. Lead-containing minerals include galena, cerussite, and small amounts of anglesite and cesarolite. There are also other minerals, such as limonite (which also contains lead and zinc), acanthite, native silver, pyrite, small amounts of chalcopyrite and enargite, quartz, chlorite, mica, feldspar, and essonite.

3.1. Dissemination Size and Degree of Liberation of Major Minerals

Figure 1 shows dissemination size distributions of the major minerals in the raw ore based on microscopic analysis. The dissemination size for the major minerals in this ore falls within medium range. Galena has the coarsest dissemination size, ranging from 0.16 to 2.56 mm. The dissemination sizes for sphalerite and cerussite are also relatively coarse, ranging from 0.04 to 1.28 mm. Hemimorphite and smithsonite have the finest size, falling between 0.02 and 1.28 mm.

To prevent over-grinding, the degree of liberation of the minerals was measured at different grinding fineness. Results in Table 4 show that galena, sphalerite, cerussite, hemimorphite and smithsonite are all well liberated when ground to 66% passing 0.074 mm.

3.2. Dissemination Characteristics of Major Minerals

Dissemination characteristics of the major minerals were determined using an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope and an energy spectrum, and they are summarized below.

3.2.1. Sphalerite, ZnS

It contains 64.48% Zn on average and 0.73%–2.38% Fe. As is shown in Figure 2, this is a lightly colored, iron-containing sphalerite. Some particles contain 0.3%–0.72% Cd, with a small number of particles containing indium. This ore contains two types of sphalerite formed at different periods. One type has a relatively complete crystal formation and contains relatively higher iron. The crystals are formed alternately with pyrite, showing idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic idiomorphic crystal aggregates, with some residual pyrite replacement as well as replacement by hemimorphite and smithsonite. In the second type, sphalerite is formed by crystalizing from colloidal solution, showing colloidal solution micro-crystal aggregates, and contains fine galena and calcite.

3.2.2. Smithsonite, ZnCO₃

This mineral contains 43.96%–52.76% zinc averaging 50.93%, with small amounts of Ca, Fe, Pb, and Si. The dissemination of smithsonite is complex in the following ways: (1) replacing sphalerite to form hexagonal prism crystal smithsonite aggregates; (2) crystallization of smithsonite from colloidal solution forming a bean-shaped aggregate (Figure 3); (3) local co-existence with hydrozincite, where crystal smithsonite shows a skeleton shape with densely compacted hydrozincite filling the lattices, or smithsonite is replaced by hydrozincite, forming a complex co-existence relationship; and (4) distribution in zinc-bearing dolomite by dissemination.

3.2.3. Hemimorphite, Zn₄(H₂O)(Si₂O₇)(OH)₂

This mineral is composed of 52.02%–54.89% zinc (averaging 53.46%), 0.17%–3.90% Fe, and 0.17%–0.94% Al. The dissemination of hemimorphite is also complex, and takes the following forms: (1) irregular particles and plate crystals distributed in zinc-bearing dolomite (Figure 4); (2) in the form of common lumpy and crusty aggregates, within which there are cyclic structured metacolloid inclusions of limonite, cesarolite and calcite, and occasionally helical shape acanthite; (3) after leaching dissolution, hemimorphite fills the voids of the skeleton formed by limonite; and (4) vein pattern hemimorphite penetrates within hydrozincite, sheridanite and calcite.

3.2.4. Galena, PbS

The galena mineral in this ore contains 86.53% PbS, very close to its theoretical content of 86.60%, and insignificant amounts of Fe and Zn. Two mineral formations were identified for this mineral. In the first formation, galena metasomatizes along rock cracks, forming irregular granules and lumps. The second formation involves galena co-existing with metacolloid sphalerite, with galena cemented either inside the sphalerite or along its edges. In addition, galena is often metasomatized by acanthite. Galena residual crystals can be found in acanthite. Cerussite and acanthite are also found to metasomatize with galena simultaneously.

3.2.5. Cerussite, PbCO₃

This mineral contains 76.51% Pb, 0.48% zinc, 0.16% Ca, 0.32% Fe, and 0.02% Si. Cerussite disseminates in the following modes: (1) replacing galena and often co-existing with anglesite (Figure 5); (2) self-forming cerussite crystal disseminated in smithsonite aggregates and hemimorphite crystals; (3) a small amount of cerussite is detected in limonite crystals; and (4) some micro-vein pattern cerussite is found in sphalerite cracks.

3.3. Distribution of Lead and Zinc in Minerals

3.3.1. Distribution of Lead in Minerals

Distributions of lead in major minerals are calculated based on quantitative minerals analysis and chemical compositions. The results are shown in Table 5. Lead is concentrated in galena and cerussite, accounting for about 72%, with the rest being in cesarolite (11.74%), limonite (12.42%), anglesite (1.3%), and others (2.25%). Therefore, the theoretical lead recovery is 72%, because only the lead in galena and cerussite is recoverable.

3.3.2. Zinc Distribution in Major Minerals

Zinc distribution in different minerals is calculated in the same manner as lead, with the results shown in Table 6. Zinc is distributed in more minerals. Zinc in sphalerite, hemimorphite and smithsonite accounts for 66.6% of the total zinc, which also represents the theoretical recovery for zinc from this ore.

4. Conclusions

Both lead and zinc levels in this ore exceed the minimum industrial grade for lead-zinc oxide ores with relatively high amounts of silver and iron. Numerous minerals exist in this ore, including sphalerite, hemimorphite, smithsonite, hydrozincite , sheridanite, zinc-bearing dolomite and calcite, galena, cerussite, and small amounts of lead-vanadium manganese ore and cesarolite, limonite (which also contains lead and zinc), acanthite, natural silver, pyrite, as well as small amounts of chalcopyrite, enargite, quartz, chlorite, mica, feldspar, and essonite.

The dissemination size of the major minerals falls within the medium range. The degree of liberation is quite good for all the major valuable minerals galena, sphalerite, cerussite, hemimorphite, and smithsonite. This, to some extent, favors separation using routine beneficiation techniques. However, only about 70% of lead and zinc is found in the major minerals, with the remaining 30% disseminated in complex mineral. This means that physical separation alone could not achieve high recovery of lead and zinc from this ore.

Lead is concentrated in galena and cerussite, while zinc is mainly found in sphalerite, hemimorphite and smithsonite, with corresponding theoretical recoveries of 72% and 67%.

Author Contributions

Mei Yang directed the study and designed most of the experiments. Both Wending Xiao and Xiang Yang participated in experiments design, data analysis, and drafting the paper. Patrick Zhang served as an advisor to this research, and helped with paper design and English proof reading.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Dissemination size range of major minerals.

Figure 2. SEM photo showing sphalerite replaced by hemimorphite.

Figure 3. SEM figure showing ultrafine smithsonite particles disseminated in zinc-bearing dolomite.

Figure 4. SEM figure showing dissemination of hemimorphite within zinc-containing dolomite.

Figure 5. Reflection microscope figure showing anglesite and cerussite metasomatizing with galena.

Table 1. Chemical analysis of the raw ore (wt. % unless noted otherwise).

**Table 1.** Chemical analysis of the raw ore (wt. % unless noted otherwise).
Chemical Compositions (wt. % Unless Noted Otherwise)
Pb	Zn	Ag (g/t)	Total Fe	S	MgO	CaO	Al₂O₃	SiO₂	K₂O	Na₂O	C
4.68	11.47	47.6	20.86	2.36	2.30	17.78	1.14	4.37	0.093	0.017	4.49

Table 2. Phase composition of the raw ore (%).

**Table 2.** Phase composition of the raw ore (%).
Phase	Pb	Zn
Oxide phase	49.79	66.18
Sulfide phase	26.28	13.60
Iron and manganese oxides or hydroxides	23.93	20.22

Table 3. Mineral compositions of the raw ore (wt. %).

**Table 3.** Mineral compositions of the raw ore (wt. %).
Mineral	Content (wt. %)
Sphalerite	2.335
Hemimorphite	5.023
Smithsonite	6.313
Hydrozincite	0.337
Sheridanite	2.325
Dolomitic sphalerite	12.639
Zinc-bearing dolomite	9.090
Zinc-bearing calcite	8.695
Galena	1.411
Cerussite	2.823
Anglesite	0.089
Cesarolite	2.826
limonite	40.045
Pyrite	2.532
Others	3.517

Table 4. Degree of liberation of the major minerals.

**Table 4.** Degree of liberation of the major minerals.
Grinding Fineness	Size Range/mm	wt. %	Degree of Liberation/%
Grinding Fineness	Size Range/mm	wt. %	Galena	Sphalerite	Cerussite	Hemimorphite/Amithsonite
66% passing 0.074 mm	−0.1 + 0.074	33.92	93.32	86.21	87.25	91.18
	−0.074 + 0.043	16.92	95.14	87.27	92.74	94.11
	−0.043	49.16	97.56	91.33	95.28	97.1
87% passing 0.074 mm	−0.1 + 0.074	12.81	94.47	90.25	91.27	92.99
	−0.074 + 0.043	21.62	96.64	93.57	96.77	95.62
	−0.043	65.57	98.16	96.34	99.36	98.59
95% passing 0.074 mm	−0.1 + 0.074	5.49	97.35	94.40	94.83	97.30
	−0.074 + 0.043	19.75	99.61	96.77	98.81	98.46
	−0.043	74.76	100.00	98.18	99.98	99.48

Table 5. Lead distribution in different minerals.

**Table 5.** Lead distribution in different minerals.
Mineral	Mineral Content/%	Pb in Mineral/%	Pb Distribution/%
Galena	1.411	86.53	26.11
Cerussite	2.823	76.51	46.18
Anglesite	0.089	68.3	1.30
Cesarolite	2.826	19.43	11.74
Limonite	40.045	1.45	12.42
Others	52.806	-	2.25
Total	100.00	-	100.00

Table 6. Zinc distribution in different minerals.

**Table 6.** Zinc distribution in different minerals.
Mineral	Mineral Content/%	Zn in Mineral/%	Zn Distribution/%
Sphalerite	2.335	64.48	13.54
Hemimorphite	5.023	53.46	24.15
Smithsonite	6.313	50.93	28.91
Hydrozincite	0.337	70.88	2.15
Sheridanite	2.325	22.49	4.70
Limonite	40.045	4.09	14.73
Zinc dolomite	12.639	7.66	8.71
Others	30.983	-	3.11
Total	100.00	-	100.00

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Yang, M.; Xiao, W.; Yang, X.; Zhang, P. Processing Mineralogy Study on Lead and Zinc Oxide Ore in Sichuan. Metals 2016, 6, 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6040093

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Yang M, Xiao W, Yang X, Zhang P. Processing Mineralogy Study on Lead and Zinc Oxide Ore in Sichuan. Metals. 2016; 6(4):93. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6040093

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Yang, Mei, Wending Xiao, Xiang Yang, and Patrick Zhang. 2016. "Processing Mineralogy Study on Lead and Zinc Oxide Ore in Sichuan" Metals 6, no. 4: 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6040093

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Processing Mineralogy Study on Lead and Zinc Oxide Ore in Sichuan

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods