The Role of Personal Control in Alleviating Negative Perceptions in the Open-Plan Workplace
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Brief Literature Review
3. Method
4. Results
5. Findings
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Building’s Basic Features | Samples | Demographics |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 4 storeys; split air-conditioning; fans | 55 | 60% male & 40% female; 58% under 30 years old & 42% 30 and above year old |
2 | 5 storeys; split air-conditioning; fans | 33 | |
3 | 5 storeys; central air-conditioning | 46 | |
4 | 10 storeys; central air-conditioning | 160 | |
5 | 4 storeys; central air-conditioning | 61 | |
6 | 3 storeys; mixed-mode ventilation | 56 |
C1 | Window shades | 234 |
C2 | Operable window | 241 |
C3 | Thermostat | 102 |
C4 | Room air-conditioning unit | 119 |
C5 | Ceiling fan | 21 |
C6 | Portable fan | 75 |
C7 | Adjustable air vent | 109 |
C8 | Heater | 25 |
C9 | Door to interior or exterior space | 137 |
C10 | Light switch | 324 |
C11 | Light dimmer | 76 |
C12 | Desk (task) light | 147 |
C13 | None of the above | 98 |
C14 | Others | 18 |
Number | Percent | Cumulative Percent |
---|---|---|
0 | 21.5 | 21.5 |
1 | 18.6 | 40.0 |
2 | 18.1 | 58.1 |
3 | 17.9 | 76.1 |
4 | 11.7 | 87.7 |
5 | 5.7 | 93.4 |
6 | 3.8 | 97.2 |
7 | 0.6 | 97.9 |
8 | 0.2 | 98.0 |
9 | 0.6 | 98.6 |
10 | 0.6 | 99.2 |
11 | 0.5 | 99.7 |
12 | 0.3 | 100.0 |
Control Opportunities (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | Numbers of Controls (0–12) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. Deviation | Mean Difference | |||
C1 | Window shades | 0 | 1.42 | 1.36 | −2.51 |
1 | 3.94 | 2.15 | |||
C2 | Operable window | 0 | 1.42 | 1.31 | −2.51 |
1 | 3.94 | 2.10 | |||
C3 | Thermostat | 0 | 2.00 | 1.68 | −2.08 |
1 | 4.08 | 2.94 | |||
C4 | Room air-conditioning unit | 0 | 1.89 | 1.59 | −2.38 |
1 | 4.27 | 2.78 | |||
C5 | Ceiling fan | 0 | 2.23 | 1.86 | −2.86 |
1 | 5.10 | 4.73 | |||
C6 | Portable fan | 0 | 2.06 | 1.76 | −2.31 |
1 | 4.37 | 2.98 | |||
C7 | Adjustable air vent | 0 | 1.96 | 1.64 | −2.19 |
1 | 4.15 | 2.89 | |||
C8 | Heater | 0 | 2.27 | 1.96 | −1.49 |
1 | 3.76 | 3.79 | |||
C9 | Door to interior or exterior space | 0 | 1.75 | 1.48 | −2.74 |
1 | 4.49 | 2.52 | |||
C10 | Light switch | 0 | 1.24 | 1.37 | −2.18 |
1 | 3.42 | 2.08 | |||
C11 | Light dimmer | 0 | 2.03 | 1.67 | −2.57 |
1 | 4.59 | 3.15 | |||
C12 | Desk (task) light | 0 | 2.08 | 1.85 | −1.10 |
Personal Control | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Median | Std. Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Over Heating | 1 | 7 | 3.86 | 4 | 1.85 |
Control Over Cooling | 1 | 7 | 4.67 | 5 | 1.81 |
Control Over Ventilation | 1 | 7 | 4.25 | 4 | 1.963 |
Control Over Lighting | 1 | 7 | 5.02 | 5 | 1.662 |
Control Over Noise | 1 | 7 | 3.77 | 4 | 1.953 |
Control Opportunities (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | Control Over Heating (1–7) | Control Over Cooling (1–7) | Control Over Ventilation (1–7) | Control Over Lighting (1–7) | Control Over Noise (1–7) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Diff. (Sig.) | Mean | Diff. (Sig.) | Mean | Diff. (Sig.) | Mean | Diff. (Sig.) | Mean | Diff. (Sig.) | ||
Window shades | 0 | 3.8 | −0.4 (0.045) | 4.3 | −1.0 0.000 | 3.7 | −1.4 0.000 | 4.7 | −0.9 0.000 | 3.9 | 0.5 0.004 |
1 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 3.5 | ||||||
Operable window | 0 | 3.8 | −0.3 0.085 | 4.3 | −0.9 0.000 | 3.8 | −1.3 0.000 | 4.7 | −0.9 0.000 | 3.9 | 0.5 0.004 |
1 | 4.1 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 3.5 | ||||||
Thermostat | 0 | 3.7 | −1.3 0.000 | 4.5 | −1.1 0.000 | 4.0 | −1.3 0.000 | 4.9 | −0.9 0.000 | 3.7 | −0.7 0.002 |
1 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 4.3 | ||||||
Room air-conditioning unit | 0 | 3.7 | −0.8 0.001 | 4.5 | −0.8 0.000 | 4.2 | −0.5 0.013 | 4.9 | −0.6 0.000 | 3.6 | −1.0 0.000 |
1 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 5.5 | 4.6 | ||||||
Ceiling fan | 0 | 3.8 | −2.3 0.000 | 4.6 | −1.4 0.001 | 4.2 | −2.2 0.000 | 5.0 | −1.3 0.000 | 3.7 | −2.2 0.000 |
1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 5.9 | ||||||
Portable fan | 0 | 3.7 | −1.0 0.001 | 4.6 | −0.6 0.014 | 4.2 | −0.3 0.228 | 5.0 | −0.5 0.013 | 3.6 | −1.3 0.000 |
1 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 5.0 | ||||||
Adjustable air vent | 0 | 3.7 | −1.1 0.000 | 4.5 | −0.9 0.000 | 4.1 | −1.0 0.000 | 4.9 | −0.7 0.000 | 3.6 | −1.0 0.000 |
1 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 4.6 | ||||||
Heater | 0 | 3.8 | −2.3 0.000 | 4.6 | −1.7 0.000 | 4.2 | −1.9 0.000 | 5.0 | −1.4 0.000 | 3.7 | −2.2 0.000 |
1 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 5.9 | ||||||
Door to interior or exterior space | 0 | 3.7 | −0.8 0.000 | 4.5 | −0.7 0.000 | 4.1 | −0.7 0.000 | 4.8 | −0.9 0.000 | 3.6 | −0.9 0.000 |
1 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 4.4 | ||||||
Light switch | 0 | 3.7 | −0.3 0.042 | 4.3 | −0.7 0.000 | 3.8 | −0.8 0.000 | 4.5 | −1.0 0.000 | 3.9 | 0.2 0.139 |
1 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 5.5 | 3.7 | ||||||
Light dimmer | 0 | 3.7 | −1.2 0.000 | 4.5 | −1.0 0.000 | 4.1 | −1.2 0.000 | 4.9 | −0.7 0.000 | 3.6 | −1.3 0.000 |
1 | 4.9 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 4.9 | ||||||
Desk (task) light | 0 | 3.9 | 0.1 0.675 | 4.6 | −0.2 0.279 | 4.2 | −0.3 0.170 | 5.0 | −0.3 0.096 | 3.6 | −0.5 0.003 |
Control Opportunities (0 = No; 1 = Yes) | Number of Adverse Perceptions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Difference | Significance | ||
Window shades | 0 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.000 |
1 | 0.9 | |||
Operable window | 0 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.000 |
1 | 1.0 | |||
Thermostat | 0 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.012 |
1 | 1.0 | |||
Room air-conditioning unit | 0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.969 |
1 | 1.2 | |||
Ceiling fan | 0 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.087 |
1 | 0.7 | |||
Portable fan | 0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.953 |
1 | 1.2 | |||
Adjustable air vent | 0 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.140 |
1 | 1.0 | |||
Heater | 0 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.051 |
1 | 0.7 | |||
Door to interior or exterior space | 0 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.216 |
1 | 1.1 | |||
Light switch | 0 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.000 |
1 | 1.0 | |||
Light dimmer | 0 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.017 |
1 | 0.9 | |||
Desk (task) light | 0 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.013 |
Control over Heating | Control over Cooling | Control over Ventilation | Control over Lighting | Control over Noise | Number of Controls | Number of Adverse Perceptions | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Over Heating | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.606 ** | 0.544 ** | 0.342 ** | 0.561 ** | 0.178 ** | −0.111 ** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.010 | ||
Control Over Cooling | Pearson Correlation | 0.606 ** | 1 | 0.686 ** | 0.628 ** | 0.270 ** | 0.290 ** | −0.270 ** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
Control Over Ventilation | Pearson Correlation | 0.544 ** | 0.686 ** | 1 | 0.554 ** | 0.271 ** | 0.315 ** | −0.370 ** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
Control Over Lighting | Pearson Correlation | 0.342 ** | 0.628 ** | 0.554 ** | 1 | 0.196 ** | 0.315 ** | −0.277 ** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
Control Over Noise | Pearson Correlation | 0.561 ** | 0.270 ** | 0.271 ** | 0.196 ** | 1 | 0.070 | −0.002 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.086 | 0.965 | ||
Number of Controls | Pearson Correlation | 0.178 ** | 0.290 ** | 0.315 ** | 0.315 ** | 0.070 | 1 | −0.142 ** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.086 | 0.000 | ||
Number of Adverse Perceptions | Pearson Correlation | −0.111 ** | −0.270 ** | −0.370 ** | −0.277 ** | −0.002 | −0.142 ** | 1 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.965 | 0.000 |
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Gou, Z.; Zhang, J.; Shutter, L. The Role of Personal Control in Alleviating Negative Perceptions in the Open-Plan Workplace. Buildings 2018, 8, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8080110
Gou Z, Zhang J, Shutter L. The Role of Personal Control in Alleviating Negative Perceptions in the Open-Plan Workplace. Buildings. 2018; 8(8):110. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8080110
Chicago/Turabian StyleGou, Zhonghua, Jian Zhang, and Leigh Shutter. 2018. "The Role of Personal Control in Alleviating Negative Perceptions in the Open-Plan Workplace" Buildings 8, no. 8: 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8080110