Elucidating the Role of Biofilm-Forming Microbial Communities in Fermentative Biohydrogen Process: An Overview
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Shedding Light on Microbial Biofilms
3. An Overview of the Role of Biofilms in Biohydrogen Fermenter Systems
4. Biofilm Enrichment Methods Applied in Biohydrogen Fermenter Systems
4.1. Carrier Materials for Biofilm Growth
4.2. Inoculum with Heterogenous Species for Synergistic Biofilm Interactions
4.3. Optimal Reactor Design for Biofilm Growth
4.4. Micronutrients for Biofilm Growth
5. Biofilm Structural Analysis in Biohydrogen Reactors
6. Molecular-Based Analysis of Biofilm Communities in Biohydrogen Reactors
7. Conclusions and Recommendations
- An extensive understanding of the key biofilm-forming assemblages during the acidogenic fermentation will help researchers develop microbial characterization strategies (biochemical and molecular tools) that are more effective in identifying these complex and fastidious species. This will be instrumental in developing biofilm starter cultures, consisting of different monoculture biofilms with synergistic/symbiotic abilities, and these can be used as model organisms for biohydrogen optimization studies, with the possibility of scaling up the process.
- The EPS remains the key component of microbial biofilms as it houses diverse phylum communities. It has been quantified in some reports but not to its total capacity, particularly when elucidating its roles in forming acidogenic biofilms. Therefore, it is essential to address these knowledge gaps as this will lead to many scientific breakthroughs in biohydrogen process development.
- Further studies should be conducted to identify the optimal biocarrier materials, biocarrier shapes, and reactors coupled with biocarriers to confer better biofilm growth. Nanoparticles and coagulants have recently been suggested as these materials promote better aggregation and chemical bonds between various biofilms [83].
- Integrating biohydrogen processes with other technologies (e.g., biogas and bio-electrochemical systems), under the concept of “circular economy”, could advance this technology as some of these biotechnological processes have already reached pilot-scale, implying that they have a potential for large-scale. The biohydrogen process could be used as an initial biomass conversion/hydrolysis step followed by using acidogenic metabolites in the biogas or bioelectricity production.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Carrier Material | Carrier Size (mm) | Substrate | Inoculum | Reactor Type | Operational Setpoint Conditions | H2 Yield | Effects of Biofilms on Process Performance | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp (°C) | pH | Time (d) | ||||||||
Mixed polymers | 5.0 | Trace metals | Rhodopseudomonas faecalis | CSTR | 35 | 7.0 | 25 | 3.24 mol H2/mol acetate | 70% substrate utilization was achieved. | [52] |
Activated carbon | – | Molasses | Mixed cultures | CMISR | 35 | 4.06–4.28 | 45 | 130.57 mmol H2/mol | The formation of toxins was reduced. | [53] |
PEG | 3.0 | POME | Mixed cultures | UASBR | 37 | 7.0 | 6.25 | 0.632 L H2/L/h | The process exhibited a high H2 yield and process stability. | [54] |
Silicone gel | 3.0–4.0 | Sucrose | Mixed cultures | DTFBR | 40 | 6.0 | 12.5 | 1.20 mol H2/mol sucrose | There was a superior H2-producing performance. | [55] |
Pumice stone | 1.0–5.0 | Sucrose | Mixed cultures | UASBR | 55 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 308 mL H2/d | There was a 6-fold H2 increase. | [56] |
Ceramic ring | 7.0 | Sucrose | Mixed cultures | UASBR | 55 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 386 mL H2/d | There was a 6-fold H2 increase. | [56] |
Expanded clay | 2.8–3.35 | Glucose | Mixed cultures | AFBR | 30 | 6.40 | 0.33 | 2.49 mol H2/mol glucose | The H2-producing pathways were favored. | [57] |
Sodium alginate and polyaniline nanoparticles | 3.0 | Dairy wastewater | Mixed cultures | Batch | 35 | 5.5–6.0 | 8.3 | 54.5 mL H2/g VS | There was a 285% increase in H2 yield. | [58] |
Clay and activated carbon | – | Sucrose | Mixed cultures | Batch | 39 | 8.08 | 16 | – | H2 could be produced for up to 15 days. | [59] |
Coconut coir | – | Nutrient broth | Mixed cultures | Batch | 37 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 2.83 mol H2/mol hexose | H2 was produced for 40 days under non-sterile conditions. | [60] |
Sodium citrate | – | Activated sludge | Mixed cultures | Batch | 37 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 28.6 mL/g-VSadded | The H2 yield was increased by 346.9% and the lag phase was also shortened. | [61] |
Chlorinated polyethylene | – | Trace metals | Mixed cultures | Batch | 35 | 5.5 | 9.0 | 27.2 mL H2/g glucose | H2 could be optimally produced for up to 72 days. | [46] |
Zeolite | – | Trace metals | Mixed cultures | Batch | 35 | 5.5 | 9.0 | 32.3 mL H2/g glucose | H2 could be optimally produced for up to 72 days. | [46] |
Sodium alginate, chitosan, and SiO2 | – | Food waste | Mixed cultures | CSTR | 37 | 5.0–6.0 | 35 | 1.75 mol H2/mol substrate | A 99.4% substrate utilization efficiency was accomplished. | [62] |
Granular activated carbon | 2.0–3.0 | POME | Mixed cultures | AFBR | 60 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 1.24 mol H2/mol sugar | The H2-producers coexisted with the non-H2 species. | [63] |
Polyvinyl alcohol | – | Trace metals | Rhodopseudomonas palustris | Photoreactor | 28 | 7.0 | 20 | 15.74 mL H2/g/h | A 43% substrate conversion efficiency was achieved. | [64] |
Alginate and TiO2 | 2.0–5.0 | Glucose | Escherichia coli | Batch | 37 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 2.8 mmol H2/mmol glucose | The presence of oxygen could not inhibit the process. | [65] |
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Sekoai, P.T.; Chunilall, V.; Sithole, B.; Habimana, O.; Ndlovu, S.; Ezeokoli, O.T.; Sharma, P.; Yoro, K.O. Elucidating the Role of Biofilm-Forming Microbial Communities in Fermentative Biohydrogen Process: An Overview. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 1924. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101924
Sekoai PT, Chunilall V, Sithole B, Habimana O, Ndlovu S, Ezeokoli OT, Sharma P, Yoro KO. Elucidating the Role of Biofilm-Forming Microbial Communities in Fermentative Biohydrogen Process: An Overview. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(10):1924. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101924
Chicago/Turabian StyleSekoai, Patrick T., Viren Chunilall, Bruce Sithole, Olivier Habimana, Sizwe Ndlovu, Obinna T. Ezeokoli, Pooja Sharma, and Kelvin O. Yoro. 2022. "Elucidating the Role of Biofilm-Forming Microbial Communities in Fermentative Biohydrogen Process: An Overview" Microorganisms 10, no. 10: 1924. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101924