The Widespread Use of Nanomaterials: The Effects on the Function and Diversity of Environmental Microbial Communities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Effects of NPs on Microbial Community in Aquatic Environment
2.1. Effects of NPs on Microbial Community in Wastewater Treatment Plants
2.2. Effects of NPs on Microbial Community in Natural Water Bodies
3. Effects of NPs on Soil Microbial Community
3.1. Effect of Nanomaterials on Microbial Community Structure and Diversity
3.2. Response of Typical Microbial Groups to NPs in Soil
4. Discussion on the Effects of NPs on Microbial Communities in Different Environments
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of NPs | Subject | Effects of Exposure to the Microbial | Dosage | Duration | Evaluation Method | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ag NPs | wastewater treatment plants | The SBR microbial community composition shifted immediately upon exposure to Ag+ but recovered quickly, while the Ag NP-treated communities shifted and recovered more slowly, with the longest lasting effect produced by GA-Ag NPs. | 0.2 and 2 ppm | 94 d | 16S rDNA, SBR treatment efficiency | [47] |
natural water bodies | A broad range of microbial endpoints as well as rates of litter decomposition were strongly affected. | 0.05 and 0.5 uM | 25 d | Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA), Leaf Mass Loss | [80] | |
soil | Notable impact on microbial functional and genomic diversity. Emergence of a silver tolerant bacterium was observed at Ag NP concentrations of 49–287 mg kg−1 after 14–28 days of incubation | 49 to 1815 mg kg−1 | 28 d | heterotrophic plate counting, microbial respiration, organic matter decomposition, soil enzyme activity, biological nitrification, community level physiological profifiling (CLPP), Ion TorrentDNA sequencing and denaturinggradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) | [105] | |
ZnO NPs | wastewater treatment plants | Results show that the species richness in the EBPR system was reduced under the condition of ZnO NPs with high concentration. | 2–6 mg/L | 43 d | High-throughput sequencing, P-removal process | [51] |
natural water bodies | A significant decrease of the microbial biomass and enzyme activities was observed in the ZnO NP exposure microcosms. | 100 mg L−1 | 45 d | Extracellular enzyme activities, High-throughput pyrosequencing | [79] | |
soil | Nano-ZnO reduced both microbial biomass (as indicated by declines in both SIR and DNA) and diversity (by T-RFLP) and altered the composition of the soil bacterial community. | 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg g−1 | 60 d | substrate induced respiration (SIR) and total extractable soil DNA, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis | [31] | |
CuO NPs | wastewater treatment plants | NPs performed immediate and durable toxicity on Anammox. The nitrogen removal efficiency decreased, the Anammox rate decreased and the relative abundance of AAOB decreased | 1 g L−1 | 63 d | batch experiments, High-throughput pyrosequencing and phylogenetic assignment | [55] |
Fe3O4 NPs | wastewater treatment plants | Fe3O4 NPs led to the toxioity to activated sludge and destroyed the integrity of microbial cytomembrane. Fe3O4 NPs could obviously affect the microbial richness and diversity of activated sludge. | 5–60 mg/L | 57 d | the dichlorodihydroflfluorescein (DCF) assay method, a LDH kit, the high-throughput sequencing | [62] |
TiO2 NPs | wastewater treatment plants | 50 mg/L TiO2 NPs was observed to significantly decrease total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency after long-term exposure (70 days), and obviously reduced the diversity of microbial community in activated sludge. The abundance of nitrifying bacteria, especially ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, was highly decreased | 0.15–0.50 mg/L | 70 d | total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis | [65] |
soil | The biomass of total phospho lipid fatty acid (PLFA), Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria, fungi, actinomyctetes and anaerobes were found to be increased up to dose of 80 mg TiO2 NPs kg−1 soil, but, significantly declined at 100 mg TiO2 NPs kg−1 soil dose | 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100 mg kg−1 | 45 d | fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolyzing capacity, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis | [109] | |
CeO2 NPs | wastewater treatment plants | The presence of CeO2 NPs had obvious effect on the microbial richness and diversity of activated sludge. High CeO2 NPs concentration could result in the biotoxicity to activated sludge | 5–60 mg/L | 290 d | the dichlorodihydroflfluorescein (DCF) | [66] |
soil | CeO2 NPs were observed to hinder thermogenic metabolism, reduce numbers of soil Azotobacter, P-solubilizing and K-solubilizing bacteria and inhibit enzymatic activities. | 1 mg g−1 | 30 d | thermal metabolism, the abundance of functional bacteria and enzymatic activity. | [112] |
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Sun, C.; Hu, K.; Mu, D.; Wang, Z.; Yu, X. The Widespread Use of Nanomaterials: The Effects on the Function and Diversity of Environmental Microbial Communities. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102080
Sun C, Hu K, Mu D, Wang Z, Yu X. The Widespread Use of Nanomaterials: The Effects on the Function and Diversity of Environmental Microbial Communities. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(10):2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102080
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Chunshui, Ke Hu, Dashuai Mu, Zhijun Wang, and Xiuxia Yu. 2022. "The Widespread Use of Nanomaterials: The Effects on the Function and Diversity of Environmental Microbial Communities" Microorganisms 10, no. 10: 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102080