Are We Approaching Peak Meat Consumption? Analysis of Meat Consumption from 2000 to 2019 in 35 Countries and Its Relationship to Gross Domestic Product
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Indicators
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Meat Consumption
3.1.1. Beef
3.1.2. Pork
3.1.3. Poultry
3.1.4. Sheep Meat
3.2. Associations with GDP
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes in Meat Consumption
4.2. Changes in Meat Consumption with GDP
4.3. The Future of Meat Consumption
4.4. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Meat | Description |
---|---|
Poultry | Thighs, wings, breast, ribs, and back of domestic fowls (chicken), guinea fowl, ducks, geese, and turkeys |
Beef and veal | Carcass weight of meat from cattle, excluding the hide or skin, the head where it joins the spine, the fore feet at the knee joint, the hind feet at the hock joint, the large blood vessels of the abdomen and thorax, the genito-urinary organs (other than the kidneys), offal, and the tail |
Pig meat | Includes pork and bacon but excludes the genito-urinary organs (other than the kidneys) and offal |
Sheep meat | Sheep meat excluding skin, offal, genito-urinary organs, and feet |
Country | Abbreviation | Country | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|---|
Argentina | ARG | Mexico | MEX |
Australia | AUS | Malaysia | MYS |
Brazil | BRA | Nigeria | NGA |
Canada | CAN | Norway | NOR |
Switzerland | CHE | New Zealand | NZL |
Chile | CHL | Pakistan | PAK |
PR China | CHN | Peru | PER |
Colombia | COL | Philippines | PHL |
Egypt | EGY | Paraguay | PRY |
Ethiopia | ETH | Russian Federation | RUS |
United Kingdom | GBR | Saudi Arabia | SAU |
Indonesia | IDN | Thailand | THA |
India | IND | Turkey | TUR |
Iran | IRN | Ukraine | UKR |
Israel | ISR | United States of America | USA |
Japan | JPN | Vietnam | VNM |
Kazakhstan | KAZ | South Africa | ZAF |
Korea, Republic of | KOR |
Type of Meat | Total Consumption (kg/capita) | Share |
---|---|---|
Poultry | 14.7 | 43% |
Pork | 11.1 | 33% |
Beef | 6.4 | 19% |
Sheep and goat | 1.8 | 5% |
Total | 34.0 | 100% |
Country. | Total Meat | Beef/Veal | Pork | Poultry | Mutton/Lamb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
Australia | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
Brazil | ↑ | NS | ↑ | ↑ | NS |
Canada | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | NS |
Chile | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
China (People’s Republic of) | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
Colombia | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
Egypt | ↑ | NS | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ |
Ethiopia | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
India | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ |
Indonesia | ↑ | ↑ | NS | ↑ | NS |
Iran | ↑ | ↑ | - | ↑ | ↓ |
Israel | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | NS | ↑ |
Japan | ↑ | NS | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
Kazakhstan | ↑ | ↑ | NS | ↑ | ↑ |
Korea | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
Malaysia | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
Mexico | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
New Zealand | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
Nigeria | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ |
Norway | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
Pakistan | ↑ | ↑ | NS | ↑ | ↓ |
Paraguay | ↓ | ↓ | NS | ↓ | NS |
Peru | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
Philippines | ↑ | NS | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
Russia | ↑ | NS | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
Saudi Arabia | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ |
South Africa | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | NS |
Switzerland | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ |
Thailand | NS | ↓ | NS | NS | ↑ |
Turkey | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | NS |
Ukraine | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | NS |
United Kingdom | NS | NS | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ |
United States | NS | ↓ | NS | ↑ | ↓ |
Vietnam | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
World | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
Country Cluster | Terms | Unstandardized Coefficients | p Value | R Square | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | ||||
1 | Constant | −0.398 | 0.810 | 0.63 | |
GDP (USD 1000/capita) in year 2000 | 0.364 | 0.245 | 0.15 | 0.085 | |
Constant | 1.398 | 0.232 | <0.001 | ||
Change in GDP (USD 1000/capita) per year (Unstandardized β) | 0.991 | 0.332 | 0.006 | 0.271 | |
2 | Constant | −1.71 | 3.808 | 0.67 | |
GDP (USD 1000/capita) in year 2000 | 0.386 | 0.871 | 0.67 | 0.027 | |
Constant | −0.053 | 0.228 | 0.82 | ||
Change in GDP (USD 1000/capita) per year (Unstandardized β) | 0.192 | 0.895 | 0.84 | 0.007 | |
Dependent Variable: Change in consumption (kg/capita) per year (Unstandardized B) | |||||
Country cluster 1 = ARG, BRA, CHL, CHN, COL, EGY, ETH, IDN, IND, IRN, JPN, KAZ, KOR, MEX, MYS, NGA, PAK, PER, PHL, PRY, RUS, THA, TUR, UKR, VNM, ZAF | |||||
Country cluster 2 = AUS, CAN, CHE, GBR, ISR, NOR, NZL, SAU, USA |
Country | Abbreviation | Per Capita GDP in 2019 | Per Capita GDP-PPP in 2019 * |
---|---|---|---|
Switzerland | CHE | USD 81,994 | USD 68,628 |
Norway | NOR | USD 75,420 | USD 63,633 |
United States of America | USA | USD 65,118 | USD 62,530 |
Australia | AUS | USD 54,907 | USD 49,854 |
Canada | CAN | USD 46,195 | USD 49,031 |
Israel | ISR | USD 43,641 | USD 40,145 |
United Kingdom | GBR | USD 42,300 | USD 46,200 |
New Zealand | NZL | USD 42,084 | USD 42,888 |
Saudi Arabia | SAU | USD 23,140 | USD 46,962 |
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Whitton, C.; Bogueva, D.; Marinova, D.; Phillips, C.J.C. Are We Approaching Peak Meat Consumption? Analysis of Meat Consumption from 2000 to 2019 in 35 Countries and Its Relationship to Gross Domestic Product. Animals 2021, 11, 3466. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123466
Whitton C, Bogueva D, Marinova D, Phillips CJC. Are We Approaching Peak Meat Consumption? Analysis of Meat Consumption from 2000 to 2019 in 35 Countries and Its Relationship to Gross Domestic Product. Animals. 2021; 11(12):3466. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123466
Chicago/Turabian StyleWhitton, Clare, Diana Bogueva, Dora Marinova, and Clive J. C. Phillips. 2021. "Are We Approaching Peak Meat Consumption? Analysis of Meat Consumption from 2000 to 2019 in 35 Countries and Its Relationship to Gross Domestic Product" Animals 11, no. 12: 3466. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123466