Reproductive Performance and Partial Budget Analysis of a Prostaglandin or a Modified Ovsynch Protocol in Autumn Calving Dairy Herds
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Reference Population
2.3. Study Design
2.4. Analytical Methods
2.5. Statistical Methods
2.6. Partial Budget Analysis
2.6.1. Additional Income
2.6.2. Reduced Costs
2.6.3. Returns Foregone
2.6.4. Extra Costs
2.7. Sensitivity Analysis
2.8. Monte Carlo Simulation
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Logistic Regression Analysis
3.3. Survival Analysis
3.3.1. Kaplan–Meier Analysis
3.3.2. Cox Regression Analysis
3.4. Cost–Benefit Analysis
3.4.1. Sensitivity Analysis
3.4.2. Monte Carlo Simulation
- Herds with a fixed dry-off date and a reduced barren rate: mean net return was £58.21 (SD £19.42; first quartile £44.37; third quartile £71.09) per cow treated with the MOFT protocol.
- Herds with a fixed dry-off date but no improvement in barren rate: mean net return was £6.62 (SD £9.76; first quartile £−0.35; third quartile £12.73) per cow treated with the MOFT protocol.
- Herds with a variable dry-off date and a reduced barren rate: mean net return was £27.29 (SD £17.75; first quartile £14.50; third quartile £38.87) per cow treated with the MOFT protocol.
- Herds with a variable dry-off but no improvement in barren rate: mean net return was £−24.83 (SD £5.03; first quartile £−28.28; third quartile −21.42) per cow treated with the MOFT protocol.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Garcia, S.C.; Holmes, C.W. Effects of time of calving on the productivity of pasture-based dairy systems: A review. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 1999, 42, 347–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mcdougall, S. Reproduction performance and management of dairy cattle. J. Reprod. Dev. 2006, 52, 185–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Beukes, P.C.; Burke, C.R.; Levy, G.; Tiddy, R.M. Using a whole farm model to determine the impacts of mating management on the profitability of pasture-based dairy farms. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2010, 121, 46–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shalloo, L.; Cromie, A.; McHugh, N. Effect of fertility on the economics of pasture-based dairy systems. Animal 2014, 8, 222–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Morton, J.M. Interrelationships between herd-level reproductive performance measures based on intervals from initiation of the breeding program in year-round and seasonal calving dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 93, 901–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Macmillan, K.L. Developing a breeding program for compact calving. In Proceedings of the Dairy Cow Fertility Reproductive Performance for Efficient Pasture-Based Systems, Cork, Ireland, 1–12 April 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. The InCalf Guide; AHDB: Kenilworth, UK, 2019.
- Lindley, G.; Willshire, J. Reproductive management of seasonal calving dairy herds. InPractice 2020, 42, 445–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peter, A.T.; Vos, P.L.; Ambrose, D.J. Postpartum anestrus in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2009, 71, 1333–1342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Opsomer, G.; Mijten, P.; Coryn, M.; de Kruif, A. Post-partum anoestrus in dairy cows: A review. Vet. Q. 1996, 18, 68–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wiltbank, M.C.; Gümen, A.; Sartori, R. Physiological classification of anovulatory conditions in cattle. Theriogenology 2002, 57, 21–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roelofs, J.B.; van Eerdenburg, F.J.C.M.; Soede, N.M.; Kemp, B. Various behavioral signs of estrous and their relationship with time of ovulation in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2005, 63, 1366–1377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schopper, D.; Schemer, R.; Und, U.W.; Claw, R. Einfluß der milchleistung auf fruchtbarkeitskriterien der milchkuh post partum: Auswertung von progesteronprofilen. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 1993, 28, 225–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diskin, M.G.; Sreenan, J.M. Expression and detection of oestrus in cattle. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 2000, 40, 481–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mialot, J.P.; Laumonnier, G.; Ponsart, C.; Fauxpoint, H.; Barassin, E.; Ponter, A.A.; Deletang, F. Postpartum subestrus in dairy cows: Comparison of treatment with prostaglandin F2α or GnRH + Prostaglandin F2α + GnRH. Theriogenology 1999, 52, 901–911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kelton, D.F.; Leslie, K.E.; Etherington, W.G.; Bonnett, B.N.; Walton, J.S. Accuracy of rectal palpation and of a rapid milk progesterone enzyme-immunoassay for determining the presence of a functional corpus luteum in subestrous dairy cows. Can. Vet. J. 1991, 32, 286–291. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Wiltbank, M.C.; Sartori, R.; Herlihy, M.M.; Vasconcelos, J.L.M.; Nascimento, A.B.; Souza, A.H.; Ayres, H.; Cunha, A.P.; Keskin, A.; Guenther, J.N.; et al. Managing the dominant follicle in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 2011, 76, 1568–1582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vanholder, T.; Opsomer, G.; de Kruif, A. Aetiology and pathogenesis of cystic ovarian follicles in dairy cattle: A review. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 2006, 46, 105–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crowe, M.A.; Diskin, M.G.; Williams, E.J. Parturition to resumption of ovarian cyclicity: Comparative aspects of beef and dairy cows. Animal 2014, 8, 40–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rhodes, F.M.; Mcdougall, S.; Burke, C.R.; Verkerk, G.A.; Macmillan, K.L. Invited review: Treatment of cows with an extended postpartum anestrous interval. J. Dairy Sci. 2003, 86, 1876–1894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rojas Canadas, E.; Gobikrushanth, M.; Fernandez, P.; Kenneally, J.; Lonergan, P.; Butler, S.T. Evaluation of alternative strategies to treat anoestrous dairy cows and implications for reproductive performance in pasture-based seasonal calving herds: A pilot study. Theriogenology 2019, 127, 130–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stevenson, J.S.; Mee, M.O.; Stewart, R.E. Conception rates and calving intervals after prostaglandin F2α or prebreeding progesterone in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1989, 72, 208–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diskin, M.; Sreenan, J.; Roche, J. Controlled breeding systems for dairy cows. BSAP Occas. Publ. 2001, 26, 175–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kristula, M.; Bartholomew, R.; Galligan, D.; Uhlinger, C. Effects of a prostaglandin F2α synchronization program in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 1992, 75, 2713–2718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lauderdale, J.W.; Seguin, B.E.; Stellflug, J.N.; Chenault, J.R.; Thatcher, W.W.; Vincent, C.K.; Loyancano, A.F. Fertility of cattle following PGF2α injection. J. Anim. Sci. 1974, 38, 964–967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moore, K.; Thatcher, W.W. Major advances associated with reproduction in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 2006, 89, 1254–1266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gundling, N.; Drews, S.; Hoedemaker, M. Comparison of two different programmes of ovulation synchronization in the treatment of ovarian cysts in dairy cows. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 2015, 50, 893–900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McDougall, S.; Blache, D.; Rhodes, F.M. Factors affecting conception and expression of oestrus in anoestrous cows treated with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2005, 88, 203–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nowicki, A.; Barański, W.; Baryczka, A.; Janowski, T. OvSynch protocol and its modifications in the reproduction management of dairy cattle herds—An update. J. Vet. Res. 2017, 61, 329–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dransfield, M.B.G.; Nebel, R.L.; Pearson, R.E.; Warnick, L.D. Timing of insemination for dairy cows identified in estrus by a radiotelemetric estrus detection system. J. Dairy Sci. 1998, 81, 1874–1882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edmonson, A.; Lean, I.; Weaver, L.; Farver, T.; Webster, G. A body condition scoring chart for Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1989, 72, 68–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dohoo, I.; Stryhn, H.; Martin, S.W. Logistic regression. In Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, 2nd ed.; McPike, S.M., Ed.; AVC Inc.: Charlottetown, PEI, Canada, 2010; ISBN 0-919013-41-4. [Google Scholar]
- Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. UK Farmgate Milk Prices. Available online: https://ahdb.org.uk/dairy/uk-farmgate-milk-prices (accessed on 13 October 2020).
- Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. Cow and Heifer Prices, Calf prices (up to 3 Weeks Old). Available online: https://ahdb.org.uk/cow-heifer-prices (accessed on 13 October 2020).
- Healy, A.A.; House, J.K.; Thomson, P.C. Artificial insemination field data on the use of sexed and conventional semen in nulliparous Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 2013, 96, 1905–1914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. GB Cull Cow Markets. Available online: https://ahdb.org.uk/dairy/gb-cull-cow-markets (accessed on 7 October 2020).
- Boulton, A.C.; Rushton, J.; Wathes, D.C. An empirical analysis of the cost of rearing dairy heifers from birth to first calving and the time taken to repay these costs. Animal 2017, 11, 1372–1380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kingshay. Dairy Costings Focus Annual Report; Kingshay: Somerset, UK, 2019; Available online: https://www.kingshay.com/wp-content/uploads/Dairy-Costings-Focus-Report-2019-WEB-VERSION.pdf (accessed on 13 October 2020).
- Kuczewski, A.; Hogeveen, H.; Orsel, K.; Wolf, R.; Thompson, J.; Spackman, E.; van der Meer, F. Economic evaluation of 4 bovine leukemia virus control strategies for Alberta dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 2019, 102, 2578–2592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shalloo, L.; Dillon, P.; Rath, M.; Wallace, M. Description and validation of the Moorepark dairy system model. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87, 1945–1959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chambers, G.P.; O’Sullivan, M.L.; Compton, C.W.R. Effect of treatment of phantom cows with a progesterone-based synchrony programme. N. Z. Vet. J. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mcdougall, S. Comparison of diagnostic approaches, and a cost-benefit analysis of different diagnostic approaches and treatments of anoestrous dairy cows. N. Z. Vet. J. 2010, 58, 81–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiltbank, M.C.; Souza, A.H.; Carvalho, P.D.; Cunha, A.P.; Giordano, J.O.; Fricke, P.M.; Baez, G.M.; Diskin, M.G. Physiological and practical effects of progesterone on reproduction in dairy cattle. Animal 2014, 8 (Suppl. S1), 71–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Macmillan, K.L.; Day, A.M.; Taufa, V.K.; Henderson, H.V.; Allison, P.A. Some effects of injecting a prostaglandin F2 alpha (Lutalyse) during the post-partum period on the subsequent fertility of dairy cows. Proc. N. Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 1987, 47, 65–68. [Google Scholar]
- Baudracco, J.; Lopez-Villalobos, N.; Holmes, C.W.; Comeron, E.A.; MacDonald, K.A.; Barry, T.N.; Friggens, N.C. E-Cow: An animal model that predicts herbage intake, milk yield and live weight change in dairy cows grazing temperate pastures, with and without supplementary feeding. Animal 2012, 6, 980–993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Macmillan, K.L. Calving patterns and herd production in seasonal dairy herds. Proc. N. Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 1979, 39, 168–174. [Google Scholar]
- Huirne, R.B.M.; Dijkhuizen, A.A. Basic methods of economic analysis. In Animal Health Economics, Principles and Applications; Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science: Sydney, Australia, 1997; pp. 25–39. ISBN 978-064-631-481-5. [Google Scholar]
Farm | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Herd | Herd size | 754 | 378 | 878 |
Breed(s) | HF | HF | HF | |
Production | Average 305-day milk yield/kg | 7564 | 7189 | 7396 |
Reproduction | Conception rate to first AI | 61% | 61% | 39% |
Conception rate | 54% | 63% | 49% | |
21 d submission rate | 83% | 84% | 78% | |
42 d in-calf rate | 61% | 80% | 51% | |
Barren rate | - * | 6% | - * |
Input Variable | Low | Expected | High |
---|---|---|---|
Reduction in barren rate µ (%) | 2 | 6 | 10 |
Cost of a replacement heifer * (£) | 1136 | 1495 | 1854 |
Additional milk produced (Per day, in liters) | 15 | 24 | 33 |
Extra beef calves produced within 84 days (%) | −9 | −3 | +3 |
Milk price γ (£, per liter) | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.36 |
Value of a cull cow † (£) | 534 | 631 | 728 |
Additional cost of a progesterone protocol (£, per cow treated) | 12 | 18 | 24 |
Variable | Farm 1 | Farm 2 | Farm 3 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of cows enrolled | 94 | 27 | 69 | 190 |
Protocol | ||||
PGOD | 42 | 14 | 34 | 90 |
MOFT | 52 | 13 | 35 | 100 |
Parity | ||||
=1 | 28 (30%) | 9 (33%) | 27 (39%) | 64 (34%) |
=2 | 17 (18%) | 2 (7%) | 6 (9%) | 25 (13%) |
≥3 | 49 (52%) | 16 (60%) | 36 (52%) | 101 (53%) |
BCS α | ||||
≤2.5 | 10 (13%) | 5 (21%) | 13 (19%) | 28 (17%) |
≥2.75 | 84 (87%) | 22 (79%) | 56 (81%) | 162 (83%) |
CBSI (days) Mean (sd) | 71 (24) | 75 (17) | 70 (22) | 71 (22) |
Calving-first service interval (days) Mean (sd) | 79 (25) | 73 (19) | 81 (25) | 79 (25) |
Calving-conception interval (days) Mean (sd) | 88 (23) | 87 (22) | 102 (28) | 92 (26) |
Mating start date-conception interval (days) Median (range) | 8 (0–37) | 8 (1–49) | 29 (0–72) | 8 (0–72) |
Conception to first AI Number of cows (%) | 56 (61%) | 21 (78%) | 26 (38%) | 103 (55%) |
21d submission rate Number of cows (%) | 87 (93%) | 26 (96%) | 59 (86%) | 174 (92%) |
21 day in-calf rate Number of cows (%) | 52 (55%) | 21 (78%) | 22 (32%) | 95 (50%) |
42 day in-calf rate Number of cows (%) | 74 (79%) | 25 (93%) | 36 (52%) | 135 (71%) |
84 day in-calf rate Number of cows (%) | 75 (80%) | 27 (100%) | 56 (81%) | 158 (83%) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lindley, G.; Willshire, J.; Van Winden, S. Reproductive Performance and Partial Budget Analysis of a Prostaglandin or a Modified Ovsynch Protocol in Autumn Calving Dairy Herds. Animals 2021, 11, 1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041031
Lindley G, Willshire J, Van Winden S. Reproductive Performance and Partial Budget Analysis of a Prostaglandin or a Modified Ovsynch Protocol in Autumn Calving Dairy Herds. Animals. 2021; 11(4):1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041031
Chicago/Turabian StyleLindley, George, Jim Willshire, and Steven Van Winden. 2021. "Reproductive Performance and Partial Budget Analysis of a Prostaglandin or a Modified Ovsynch Protocol in Autumn Calving Dairy Herds" Animals 11, no. 4: 1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041031