What Patterns in Online Classified Puppy Advertisements Can Tell Us about the Current UK Puppy Trade
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
- (1)
- Reliably quantify spatial and temporal patterns within the UK online puppy trade;
- (2)
- Pilot an analytical pipeline, that may be used to develop proactive response strategies regarding canine welfare issues, and measure impact evaluation regarding human behavioural intervention campaigns and/or changes to legislation.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sourcing
2.2. Data Processing
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Data Suitability
3.2. Descriptive Statistics
3.3. Breeds
3.4. Conformation Disorder
3.5. Price
4. Discussion
“Breeders and judges should at all times be careful to avoid obvious conditions or exaggerations which would be detrimental in any way to the health, welfare or soundness of this breed”[59].
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Town and Dictionary Sample
Town | County | Region | Country |
Ampthill | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Arlesey | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Bedford | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Biggleswade | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Dunstable | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Flitwick | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Houghton Regis | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Kempston | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Leighton Buzzard | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Linslade | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Luton | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Potton | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Sandy | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Shefford | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Stotfold | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Wixams | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Woburn | Bedfordshire | East of England | England |
Ascot | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Bracknell | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Crowthorne | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Earley | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Eton | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Hungerford | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Lambourn | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Maidenhead | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Newbury | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Reading | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Sandhurst | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Slough | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Thatcham | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Windsor | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Wokingham | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Woodley | Berkshire | South East England | England |
Bristol | Bristol | South West England | England |
Amersham | Buckinghamshire | South East England | England |
Appendix B. Breed Dictionary Sample
Breed | Correction |
Affenpinscher × Chihuahua | Chihuahua × Affenpinscher |
Afghan Hound × Labrador Retriever | Afghan Hound × Labrador Retriever |
Akita × Alaskan Malamute | Alaskan Malamute × Akita |
Akita × American Pit Bull Terrier | Akita × American Pit Bull Terrier |
Akita × Chihuahua | Chihuahua × Akita |
Akita × Chow Chow | Akita × Chow Chow |
Akita × German Shepherd | Akita × German Shepherd |
Alaskan Malamute × Akita | Alaskan Malamute × Akita |
American Bulldog × English Bulldog | English Bulldog × American Bulldog |
American Bulldog × Pug | American Bulldog × Pug |
American Bulldog × Staffordshire Bull Terrier | American Bulldog × Staffordshire Bull Terrier |
American Pit Bull Terrier × Akita | Akita × American Pit Bull Terrier |
Australian Shepherd × Corgi | Australian Shepherd × Corgi |
Australian Shepherd × Golden Retriever | Australian Shepherd × Golden Retriever |
Australian Shepherd × Labrador Retriever | Australian Shepherd × Labrador Retriever |
Australian Shepherd × Pit Bull | Australian Shepherd × Pit Bull |
Australian Shepherd × Pomeranian | Australian Shepherd × Pomeranian |
Australian Shepherd × Poodle | Australian Shepherd × Poodle |
Australian Shepherd × Siberian Husky | Australian Shepherd × Siberian Husky |
Basset Hound × Golden Retriever | Basset Hound × Golden Retriever |
Basset Hound × Labrador Retriever | Basset Hound × Labrador Retriever |
Beagle × Boston Terrier | Beagle × Boston Terrier |
Beagle × Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | Beagle × Cavalier King Charles Spaniel |
Beagle × Cocker Spaniel | Cocker Spaniel × Beagle |
Beagle × English Bulldog | Beagle × English Bulldog |
Beagle × Yorkshire Terrier | Beagle × Yorkshire Terrier |
Bedlington Terrier × Patterdale Terrier | Patterdale Terrier × Bedlington Terrier |
Bedlington Terrier × Whippet | Bedlington Terrier × Whippet |
Bernese Mountain Dog × Labrador Retriever | Labrador Retriever × Bernese Mountain Dog |
Bichon Frise × Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | Cavalier King Charles Spaniel × Bichon Frise |
Bichon Frise × Pomeranian | Pomeranian × Bichon Frise |
Bichon Frise × Poodle | Poodle × Bichon Frise |
Bichon Frise × Shih Tzu | Shih Tzu × Bichon Frise |
Boerboel × Mastiff | Boerboel × Mastiff |
Border Terrier × Dachshund | Dachshund × Border Terrier |
Appendix C. Data Cleaning Pipeline
- Non-unique or ambiguous advertisements were identified as possessing identical or missing advertisement ID, posting date, title, and location, and were excluded (18 exclusions).
- Non-sale advertisements (e.g., for ‘stud’ services) were excluded by examining advertisement titles, excluding 428 ads.
- Advert source website names were checked for misspellings and fixed where possible.
- UK regions (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (NI)) were assigned using town and/or county (sample in Appendix C) information. For the purpose of the analysis, town was not used directly to ensure anonymity. Advertisements with missing or ambiguous location data were excluded (422 exclusions).
- Breeds were extracted from advertisement titles by the presence of keywords, originating from a ‘breed dictionary’ made available by Dogs Trust (sample in Appendix D). This dictionary accounted for a range of misspellings, mapping a diverse range of breed descriptions to a reduced controlled vocabulary (e.g., both ‘cockapoo’ and ‘cocker-spaniel-poodle’ were converted to ‘cocker spaniel poodle cross’). Advertisements identifying more than one breed for a single dog were listed as cross breed, using the first breed specified as the cross. Advertisements unable to be assigned a breed in this way were excluded (5393 exclusions).
- Ads were filtered to exclude extreme prices. advertisements with prices greater than GBP 5000 or under GBP 200 were excluded to remove both spurious posts (e.g., GBP 1,111,122,222) and advertisements likely detailing accessories or adoptions (326 exclusions).
- Wherever data cleaning effectiveness could not be proven programmatically, a random selection of 50 advertisements were investigated manually to ensure correctness, an example for which could not be included in compliance with HERC approval conditions; however, the unique set of terms populating excluded advertisements can be found in Appendix F.
- Ads were categorised based on sampling phase; pre- and post-COVID-19 lockdown initiation in the UK (12 March 2020); and pre and post the third party puppy sales ban coming into effect in England on (Lucy’s Law, 6 April 2020); and whether their advertised breed was reported to display breeding-related conformational disorders (CD) as per Asher et al. (2009) [3].
Appendix D. The Unique Set of Terms Populating Ads
11, 11 month, 11th, 11 weeks, 12, 121, 12 mths, 12 wks, 13, 13 month, 14, 1400, 14th, 15 15 kg, 15th, 15 weeks, 15 yr, 16, 16 months, 16th, 17, 17th, 18, 18 momth, 18 mth, 18th 19, 1 bitch, 1 girl, 1 old, 1st, 1 year, 1 yr, 2, 20, 200, 2018, 2019, 2020, 20th, 21st 22, 22062020, 23, 24, 24th, 25, 25 yr, 27th, 28, 2812, 28th, 2 lbs, 2nd, 2 year, 2 yrs 3, 300, 314, 34, 340, 3 lb, 3 monthfemalemedlarge, 3rd, 3 yr, 3 yrs, 4, 43, 45, 4 m, 4 yrs 5, 50 pound, 55, 56, 57, 5 m, 5 mth, 5 star, 5 starlicensed, 5 stars, 6, 600, 6 m, 6 month 6 months, 6 mth, 6 mths, 7, 70, 700, 78, 7 month, 8, 80, 800, 84, 89, 8 m, 8 months, 9 9 month, 9 mth, 9 mths, a, a1, aa, abandoned, abb, abbie, abel, abi, abitabecks, abkc about, abraham, abs, absolute, absolutely, abstract, ace, acebull, active, ad, ada add, adele, adeli, adopt, adopter, adoption, adoptionfoster, adora, adorable, adore adores, adoring, adrian, adroable, adult, adventure, advert, advertised, aeeking affectionate, affordable, afrodite, after, age, aged, ages, aggie, agile, aid, aiko ajax, ajay, aka, aladdin, alba, alberto, albi, albus, alecu, alex, alexa, alexia alfie, alfies, alfred, alice, alita, all, alma, almost, alpha, already, also, am amaizng, amardica, amazing, amber, ambrose, amercian, america, american, americanbullys amerikan, amo, amy, an, anakin, and, andre, anett, angel, angie, ania, animals, ann anna, annakin, annie, announce, announcement, another, any, anya, anyone, anytime ap, apollo, appeal, appr, approved, approx, approximately, appso, apr, apricot, apso aramis, are, area, aria, arlo, around, arrival, arrived, arthur, arty, aruba, arvis arya, as, asap, asco, asha, asia, aska, aspo, aspso, assistance, assured, astor, at ata, atat, atay, atlas, attention, august, aurel, australian, autumns, ava, availble avaliable, avalible, avis, awaited, awaits, away, awesome, axel, axie, aya, ayat azorica, b, baba, babes, babies, babies1, babushkha, baby, babys, back, badger, badly bagheera, bagle, bailey, ball, balls, bambie, banjo, bankz, bape, baratheon, bardot bargain, barley, barnaby, barney, bashful, basil, basseles, baxter, bb, bbbbbbbbbbbbbbb bbdd, bbddat, bbddayat, bbs, bc, bd, be, beamer, beaming, bear, bearcoat, bearcoats bearlike, bears, beast, beatfuil, beatiful, beating, beaty, beau, beautful, beauties beautifal, beautiful, beautifulbriard, beautifull, beautifully, beautuful, beauty beco, become, beddiepatterdale, bee, beezand, begal, behaved, behaviourist, being bela, belgian, belgium, belinda, bella, belle, beloved, below, ben, benji, benjie bennet, benny, benson, bentley, bentley2, bently, berdernese, bernese, bernesse, bert berta, bertie, bess, besset, bessie, best, besties, beth, betsy, better, betty, beutiful bi, bicion, big, biggie, bigi, billie, billy, bindi, binky, birmingham, bischon, bitch bitches, bitchs, bitcoin, bite, bizzness, bjornsson, bla, black, blackjack, blacksilver blacktan, blackwhite, blacky, blake, blanche, blanket, blaze, blemham, blenheim, blenhiem blenhim, blessed, bleu, blind, bliss, blondie, bloo, blood, bloodline, bloodlines bloom, blossom, blu, blue, bluechoc, bluecream, bluefawn, bluefawnlilac, bluelilac blues, bluetan, bluewhite, bmd, bo, bob, bobbi, bobby, bobi, bobtail, bolognese, bolt bomb, bond, bonded, boned, bonito, bonnie, bono, bonzo, boo, booboo, boodle, boomer boop, bootiful, border, borderjacks, bordernese, borderpatterdale, borderpoo, borders bordeuax, bordex, bordow, boris, borker, born, borodor, boss, both, bought, bouncy bourbon, bourbonite, bouvier, bow, box, boxwiller, boy, boyaged, boypra, boys, boys2 brabancon, brady, bramble, brand, brave, braveshot, breakdown, bred, breed, breeder breeders, breeding, breedingfertility, breedmedlarge, breeds, breezeleaf, brian, briard bright, brigitte, brilliant, brimble, brin, brindle, brindles, brindlewhite, british britishbull, britishenglish, brockwell, brodie, brolga, bronson, bronte, bronwen brothers, brown, bruce, brush, brutus, brynns, bt, buba, bubba, bubbly, bubbs, bubu buco, buddy, buddyadoption, buddys, buffy, buksi, bull, bulldane, bulldanes, bullet bullie, bullies, bullpei, bulls, bullshitz, bullweiller, bully, bullys, bullyz, bundle bundles, bunny, bus, busta, buster, but, buttercup, butterfly, buttons, bw, by, c cacachon, cacapoo, caledonian, california, call, called, calm, camelia, can, candy canerio, canine, cant, capone, captivating, cara, caramel, cardi, cariad, carin, caring carla, carlton, carmen, carol, carolina, carrier, carrierlilac, carriers, carries carrirs, carrs, carry, carrying, cars, carter, cas, casper, cassie, cat, catahoula catproof, caucasian, caucasion, causasian, cautious, cecile, central, centrewalk certificates, certified, cesky, cezarblue, ch, challenge, champagne, champion, champions championship, chance, changed, chaos, chap, chapo, chappy, character, charge, charkie charlie, charlies, charls, charm, charming, chase, chatham, chauhaha, chawawa, chawhawha cheap, check, checked, checkmate, cheeky, chempionov, cherish, cheshire, chloe, choc chocalate, choclate, chocndreds, choco, chocolate, chocolates, chocolatetan, choctan choice, chops, chorki, chris, chrismas, christmas, chrome, chuhuaha, chuhuiha, chunk chunks, chunky, chupo, chussell, chussells, chuwah, chuwaha, cihuahua, cindy, circs circumstances, clae4, class, claude, cle, cleantravels, clear, clearproven, cleat cleo, clever, clifford, clio, clive, clown, clr, club, clumber, clyde, cmr1, coat coated, coby, cocakpoo, cockarpoo, cockatiel, cockaton, cockatoo, cocklier, coco cocoa, cokerpoo, cokerpoos, colin, colloodles, colonial, color, colour, coloured colours, colourskc, coming, committed, compact, companion, company, compassionate complete, completely, confident, confidently, confirmed, congratulations, connie connor, considered, coockapoo, cooker, cookie, cool, coon, cooper, copper, cora, corby cord, corky, corruption, cosmic, cosmo, cosy, coton, cotons, cotontastick, could couldnt, council, couple, course, cracker, crackerjack, crackers, cream, creamchoc creams, crested, croatian, cromwell, cross, crossbreed, crosses, crufts, crystal cub, cuba, cuddle, cuddler, cuddles, cuddlesome, cuddly, cupid, curious, cute, cuteness cutepuppiestr, cutes, cutest, cutie, cuties, cutness, cynthia, cyprus, cze, czech czechline, dachapoo, dachaund, dachdhund, dachound, dachs, dachshand, dachshound dachsie, daciana, dacshund, dad, daddy, daffodil, daffy, daft, daisy, dakota, dale dan, dane, danes, daniel, danny, dante, daphne, dark, darla, darling, darryl, daschound dash, dashchund, dashchunds, dashhunds, dashsound, datchshund, datsun, dauchshund daughter, dauschund, daushaund, daushhund, dave, day, daycare, days, dazer, dazzling dd, de, deaf, deano, dearhound, debbie, dec, december, dedicated, deep, deerhead delectable, delia, delicate, delicious, delight, delightful, delilah, dennis, denzel deposit, deposits, derby, derserves, des, description, deserves, designer, destiny devils, devito, devon, dexter, dibrid, diddie, didi, dido, die, diesel, difference different, dillion, dillon, dilly, dilute, dinky, dino, disco, disruption, dizzy dm, dna, do, dobie, docile, docked, dockeddewclawed, dodger, dodo, dog, dogcat, doggy dogs, dogsbitches, dogue, dollar, dollee, dolly, dom, domberman, domino, don, donald donjacks, donna, donnajays, donny, dont, dopuszczenia, dora, dorberman, dorina, dory dottie, dotty, double, dougie, douglas, dozer, dr, drake, drakeshead, dream, dreaming dreams, drew, droggo, drop, dual, duchess, duchshund, dudas, dude, dudley, due, duke dulexe, dumped, dumpty, dunroamin, duper, duties, dwkc, dylan, dynamo, e, each, eager eagle, earl, ebony, ect, ectoras, eddie, eden, edith, ee, eight, either, el, elbow elderly, electra, elegant, ella, ellie, elly, elmo, elsa, elsie, elton, emily, emma emmett, enclosure, end, energetic, english, englishbul, ennon, enquires, enquiries entire, environment, enzo, epic, equaliser, ergo, eric, erik, ermis, ernie, esme ess, essie, ethel, eugene, european, eva, eve, ever, every, everyone, evie, ewie ewok, ex, example, examples, excellent, exceptional, exceptionally, excitable, exciting exclusive, exotic, expected, expecting, expectingwaiting, expereinced, experience experienced, express, expression, expressions, expressive, exquisite, exquiste, exquistie exracing, extensively, extra, extreme, extremely, eye, eyebrows, eyed, eyes, f, f1 f1b, f1bb, f2, f3, fab, fabulous, face, facebook, faced, factor, factored, factories fairy, faith, falcon, family, familys, famous, fantastic, far, farm, fart, father fault, fawks, fawn, fawnblack, fawnblue, fawnchoc, fawns, fb, fb1, fbce, fci, fearful feb, fedni, fee, feel, fell, fella, female, femalefunloves, femalelarge, femalemale females, fergie, fergus, fertility, few, fi, field, fimble, find, fiona, fir, fireside first, fit, five, flandres, flash, flashy, flat, flatcoat, flatcoats, fletcher, flicker flo, flora, florence, floyd, fluff, fluffly, fluffy, fluffykc, fluke, fn, fog, for forever, foreverfoster, forrest, forsale, forthcoming, foster, fosterbreed, fosterforever fostering, foult, found, four, fox, foxred, foxy, fpr, francisco, franco, frank, frankie franky, fraya, frayda, freckles, fred, freda, freddie, freddy, free, freeze, french frenchador, frenches, frenchton, frenchy, frenchys, fresh, frida, friend, friendly friends, frise, from, frosty, ftch, ftchftws, ftw, fudge, fuego, fug, full, fully fult, fun, funky, funny, funtime, fur, furbaby, furever, furred, fuss, future, g game, garden, gascogne, geldof, gene, general, generation, genetics, gent, gentle gentleman, geoff, george, georgiana, georgie, georgio, germam, germen, get, gets ghost, giant, gigi, gilly, ginger, gingin, ginny, ginoitalian, girl, girl5, girlfriend girlies, girlkc, girls, girlspayedkc, girlvery, girly, give, given, giving, gizmo gladys, glasgow, glorious, glory, go, god, golador, gold, goldcream, golddust, golden goldendors, goldie, goldies, goldsdor, goldwhite, golfo, goliath, gone, goo, good goofy, goregous, gorgeous, gorgeousboy, gorgeoustrue, grace, gracie, grand, granny granson, grant, grass, great, greats, greayhound, greece, greek, greta, grey, greyhoud grizzle, grooming, gs, gshep, gu4, guildford, guille, gump, gundog, gundogs, gunfield gus, gwinnie, gwp, gypsy, had, hair, haired, haireds, hairless, hairshort, hairy hal, half, halo, ham, handful, handle, hands, handsome, hank, hannah, hansom, happily happy, happygolucky, hapy, hard, hardin, harkline, harley, harmony, harper, harrier harry, harvey, harvonock, has, hasnt, havanaese, have, hayley, hazel, hc, he, healed health, healthy, heart, heartbreaker, heartbreaking, heat, heavily, heavy, heidi heinz, help, henri, henry, her, herb, herbie, here, hereditary, hermi, hernia, hero hessa, hester, hetty, hhx, hi, high, hilda, him, hip, his, hognose, hold, holidays holly, holy, home, homebred, homed, homeless, homely, homer, homereyla, homes, homing hone, honest, honey, honeybear, hooray, hope, hot, hound, house, housetrained, how huge, huggable, hugo, human, humans, humble, humphrey, humpty, hund, hunky, huntaway hunter, hunters, hunterway, hush, hutch, huu, hv, hy, hybrids, hypoallergenic, i ibizan, icarus, ice, icon, id, ideal, if, igor, ikc, ilka, im, immense, imp, imperial import, imported, imposing, in, inc, incredible, indi, india, indie, indomitable information, injury, inquisitive, intelligent, interest, interesting, intro, introducing inu, ionel, iras, iris, irish, is, isabella, isabellatan, isca, isds, isla, isnt issues, it, italian, ivy, iza, izzy, jacakpoo, jacawa, jack, jackachon, jackaliers jackaranian, jackawa, jackawowa, jackdach, jackdachs, jacket, jackie, jackihuahua jacklooking, jackpot, jackrusell, jacks, jackshaund, jackshire, jackson, jackwowa jacky, jacob, jacobs, jade, jake, james, jammie, jans, japanese, jasmine, jasper jazmine, jazz, jdjdjdjdjdjjdjdjdjdjd, jeff, jemima, jerry, jersey, jess, jessie, jessy jesus, jet, jia, jimbo, jnr, jodie, joe, joey, john, johnny, join, jolly, joni, jonty joshua, joy, joyful, jr, july, june, junior, just, justin, k, k9, kai, kaia, karashian karashishi, katie, katya, kc, kced, kcikc, kclongcoat, kcmini, kcreg, kcregpra, keala keen, keep, keeshond, kendra, kennedy, kennel, kennels, kensteen, kent, kenworth kept, kevin, kid, kids, kiki, kill, kim, kimba, kimmy, kimo, kind, kinda, king, kingrockmerriveen kings, kion, kira, kiri, kisses, kitten, kittens, kitty, kizzy, klaudia, knows, knpv koda, kojo, kokoni, kola, komondor, kompany, kora, korea, korean, kray, kristoff kute, kyky, l, l2hga, lacey, lachon, lad, laddie, ladies, ladiesman, lady, lafora laica, laid, laidback, lakend, lana, lancelot, lap, lapha, lapso, larador, large largestrong, lasho, laso, laspa, lassie, lasso, last, latin, lavender, law, lay, layla lb, lbkc, lc, leafy, leah, learn, leave, left, leg, legacy, legal, legend, legged leia, leicester, leiha, lemon, lemone, lena, lenny, leo, lessie, let, letizia, leutu level, lewis, lexi, lhada, lharsapoo, lhatese, lhpaso, libby, lic, licence, licenced licensed, licensedheart, life, light, lightdark, likac, like, lila, lilac, lilac2 lilacfawn, lilacs, lilactan, lilactri, lilak, lilec, liliac, lilic, lilli, lilly lily, lina, lincoln, linda, line, lined, lines, lisa, liscensed, list, litter, little littler, live, lively, liver, livernose, liverwhite, lizzie, llease, lockdown, logan loggerheads, loki, lola, lolly, london, long, longcoat, longhair, longhaired, longtail look, looking, looks, loon, lord, lorry, lost, loststolen, lot, lots, lottie, lotus lou, louie, louis, louna, lovable, love, loveable, loveables, loveing, lovely, loverly loves, loving, lovingly, lovingoutgoingconfident, lovng, low, loyal, luca, lucher lucky, luckys, lucy, ludo, luecher, luka, lukas, luke, luna, lurchapoos, lurcher luscious, lush, lushious, lutcher, luton, luxurious, luxury, lyra, m, mabel, mabels mac, macy, mad, maddie, madge, madisyn, madtiffs, mae, maggie, magical, magnificent magnificient, magnus, mail, maila, maine, maisie, mak, make, mal, mala, malchon, male malefemale, males, males1, malex, mali, malinios, malinoi, malinos, malionis, mallanois mallipoo, mallipoos, malone, malshpoo, malta, maltanczyka, maltease, maltesse, malteste maltichon, maltishi, maltishon, maltpoo, mam, man, manchesterblackley, manfred, mango manlionis, many, marble, march, marian, marked, markings, marley, marshall, marta martha, martin, martinel, marvellous, marvelous, marvin, mary, mask, maskless, mason massiff, massive, mastador, master, mastin, matches, matilda, mating, matrix, mature mauritian, max, maximus, may, maya, mayla, mayweather, me, meadow, mearl, mearle meco, med, medium, mediumlong, meet, meets, meg, mega, mel, melanie, melt, member memphis, men, mena, mental, mere, merl, merle, merles, merriveenkingrock, mery, message mets, mexican, mia, mickey, micro, micros, mid, middle, midget, mika, mike, mikey miki, miles, miley, milla, miller, millie, million, milly, milo, mimi, mimo, min mina, mini, miniat, miniature, miniaturestandard, minibull, minibulls, minipoo, minis minna, minnie, minstrel, mioritic, mirabelle, miska, miss, missed, missing, missy mistake, mistreated, misty, mitch, mitzi, mitzy, mix, mixed, mixes, moca, moe, mollie molly, molting, monday, moneypenny, mongrel, monhs, month, months, monty, mooch, moocher moomin, moose, more, moses, most, mountain, mousey, mouth, moved, mr, mth, mths, mts much, muddle, muffin, mukis, multi, multichampion, multigeneration, mum, mumbles mummy, murphy, muscle, muscletones, mushu, must, mutts, muzzle, my, mya, myla, n nacho, nada, nade, nala, name, names, nancy, naomi, national, nature, natured, naughtiness naughty, neapolitan, nearly, nebber, nebbr, ned, need, needed, needing, needs, neema neglected, nell, nellie, nelly, neo, nera, nero, nervous, ness, nettie, neve, new newborn, newfypoo, newhome, news, next, nibbles, nice, nick, nico, nightly, nile nilson, nimble, nina, nn, nn17, no, noa, noah, nobel, noel, non, none, noodle, nora norfolk, norman, north, nose, not, notorious, nov, nova, novo, now, nowstunning, nutall ny, nyla, obedience, oberon, oceana, oct, october, odi, odie, oeb, of, offer, offered offers, ohana, old, olde, older, oldie, oldies, oleg, olga, oliver, ollie, on, once one, only, ono, onyx, open, opened, opportunity, optic, or, orange, orangeroan, oreo orla, oscar, other, otis, our, oustanding, out, outstanding, ovcar, over, overload ovul, owen, own, owner, owners, oxcroft, ozbullz, ozzie, pablo, pack, paddington paddy, paige, pair, pal, pamacs, pamirian, pamy, panda, pandora, papers, papipoo parentage, parents, paris, parsnip, part, parti, particolour, partie, parttrained passport, patch, patents, paterdale, patient, patrick, patsy, patt, patterbull, patterdale patterland, paulo, paw, pay4play, pde, peaceful, peanut, pebbles, pecinkska, peckham pedigee, pedigree, peejay, peekaboo, peeta, peg, peggy, pei, pekeinese, pembrokeshire pending, pendlebrier, penelope, penny, penny1, pennywise, people, pepe, pepper, peppersalt peppi, pepsi, perfect, perfection, permanent, persa, personality, pet, petit, petra pets, phantom, phil, philip, phoebe, phoenix, phpv, phyllis, physical, pi, pick, pickle pickles, picture, pie, pied, pieds, pig, pin, pincer, pink, pint, pip, pipa, piper pippa, pippin, pitch, pitx, pixie, pl, place, plan, planned, plans, platinium, platinum platnium, platnuim, platuim, platunim, play, playboy, playful, playfull, playfullovingactive15 kg please, plummer, plus, plushcourt, pluto, plymouth, poc, pochon, pockapoo, pocket pogo, poin, pointador, pointed, points, polar, polly, poncho, pongo, pooches, poochoon poodel, poogals, poogle, poole, poor, poppet, poppy, porkie, porkies, portsmouth poseidon, posherbulls, poss, possible, potter, ppl, pra, prafn, prcdpra, precious prefer, preferably, pregnancy, presa, prestigebullysuk, preston, pretty, price, priced pricilla, pride, prince, princess, pringle, producer, producers, producing, professional proud, proved, proven, provon, prt, public, pudding, puddley, puff, pullam, pumba puo, pup, pupie, pupparents, puppie, puppies, puppy, puppy2go, puppydog, puppys, puppys__ pups, pupy, pur, pure, purplelilac, purpose, put, puu, qualified, quality, qualityquality quiet, quieter, quinn, quirky, racing, radar, raff, rafferty, rafiki, rags, rain rainbow, raised, ralph, rare, rate, raven, ravishing, ray, razboinic, rdy23april rdyendofaugust, rdyseptember, re, read, ready, ready29thdec, real, really, reared rebeka, rebel, recently, red, redapricot, redchampagne, redfawn, redg, reds, reduce reduced, reduction, redwhite, reeno, reese, reg, regal, regd, regestered, regfull reggie, regiment, regisitered, registed, register, registerd, registered, registeredpra regminiature, regprovencarries, rehome, rehomed, rehomeing, rehoming, relationship relaxed, reluctant, reluctantly, remaining, reno, renowned, renuar, repeat, reputable required, requires, reriever, rescue, rescued, reservation, reserve, reserved, resist retire, retired, retirement, retrieve, return, returned, reward, rex, reyla, rhino ricatori, rich, rico, right, riley, rio, rising, rita, river, roan, robbie, robinson robust, roby, rock, rocket, rocky, roda, rodney, rogueroyales, roky, rolex, rollo rolo, roma, roman, romania, romanian, romeo, ronnie, rosa, rosalie, rose, rosie, ross rottwailer, rottweller, rottwieler, rotty, rotwailer, rotwailler, rough, round, roxy roy, rozi, rubble, ruben, ruby, rudi, ruffi, rupert, rural, russ, russell, russian russianuk, rusty, ruze, ryder, s, saba, sable, sablespossibly, sabueso, sad, sadie sadly, saffi, saffie, sage, said, saint, sale, saleing, salethree, salisbury, sally salon, salrowbra, salt, saltpepper, sam, same, sammy, samsons, samtan, sandie, sandy santino, sara, sarah, sasha, saskia, sassy, sausage, savvy, saw, saxon, sc, scamp scarlet, scarlett, schanuzer, schapso, schauzer, schnausers, schnazeur, scooby, scored scoredtailedbobtailed, scotia, scottie, scruff, scruffy, scrumptious, seal, sealaville sealyham, sealyum, season, seb, sebastian, sechon, security, see, seeking, seeks seen, sell, selma, selva, senior, senna, sensational, sensible, sensitive, september serena, serene, seri, serious, serpent, service, services, seven, sexs, seymour, shaczy shade, shaded, shaggy, shakira, shanks, shaplaninatz, shar, shargo, sharp, sharpi shcnoodle, she, sheep, shell, shelter, shepador, shepered, shephard, shepherd, sheppard sherped, shes, shida, shih, shihchon, shihipoo, shihorders, shihtu, shihtza, shihz shihztu, shihzu, shiite, shishiion, shishsions, shit, shith, shithzu, shitpoo, shitz shiz, shizhu, shizu, short, show, showman1st, shown, shu, shuchon, shui, shuz, shy siberian, sick, sid, silky, silva, silver, silverblue, sim, simba, simon, simply sincere, single, sire, sired, sister, sisters, size, sized, sizeplayfulfriendly, sky skye, slave, sleepovers, slem, slimline, small, smallest, smallmed, smalltinytoymini smashing, smiler, smiley, smiling, smithers, smithy, smithys, smoith, smokey, smooth smoothcoat, smoothed, smooths, snorkie, snow, snowdonia, snowy, snuffles, so, sociable sofa, sofia, soft, solid, solo, some, somebodies, someone, son, sonia, sonny, soon sophie, sought, soul, south, sox, spainiels, spanels, spanish, spanny, sparky, spayed special, spectacular, spice, spoil, spoilt, spoky, spot, sprinter, squidge, stable staf, stag, stallion, stan, standard, standardminiature, standards, standing, stanlee stanley, star, stardust, starlite, station, stay, steady, steffy, stella, stick, sticky still, stimuation, stock, stockport, stocky, stolen, stolenplease, storm, story, striking strong, stryker, stuart, stud, studs, stugs, stun, stunning, stunningly, such, sue suffered, suffolk, suited, summer, sunny, sunshine, super, superb, superstar, surrey sussex, swd, sweet, sweetest, sweetheart, swift, sybil, syd, sydney, szu, t, taff taffy, tail, tailed, tailed3, take, takeing, taking, tales, tallulah, tamara, tammy tan, tank, tans, tantalizing, tappancs, tara, taxis, taylors, teacup, ted, teddy teeny, temperame, temperament, tenerife, term, terms, terrer, terrier, terriers, terrific tess, tessa, tessy, test, testable, teste, tested, testedftch, tests, testscan, th than, that, the, their, thelma, them, then, theo, there, these, thessalonians, they thinks, this, thomas, thor, three, thrower, thrown, tia, tibetan, ticked, tiger, tigger tijara, tillie, tilly, time, times, timewasters, timmy, timothy, tina, tinder, tinker tinkerbell, tintin, tintoretto, tiny, tipple, tipsy, tlc, to, todaytomorrow, toffee together, togo, toilet, tokyo, tolie, toller, tom, tommy, tomorrow, tone, tonight tonk, tony, too, toodle, top, tori, total, totally, toto, townhill, toy, toys, traditional trailhound, trained, training, transport, transportation, treacle, tri, trial, trialling triarder, tricolour, trim, trindle, trinny, tripaw, triple, tripple, tris, trixie troubled, trudy, true, trully, truly, trump, trumps, trusted, tsu, tucha, turbo, turlowfields tuxedo, tuz, tweedbullz, twelve, twilight, twin, twinkle, twist, two, ty, tyme, type typefriendlynervous, tyson, tzh, uk, ultimate, ultra, ultrasound, umbilical, unaffected unassuming, under, understanding, unforeseen, unique, unneutred, unwanted, up, upcoming upto, urban, urgent, ursu, usa, used, uzy, v, valentine, valentino, valglo, valgo van, various, vas, vault, vaux, vax, velma, veneno, verity, very, vet, vfriendly viewing, vinnie, vinnies, violet, visits, vito, viva, vizapoo, von, vupi, vwd, w wade, waffle, waggy, waiting, waitinglist, wales, walker, walkersitter, walking, walks walkssleepoverssittingtaxis, walle, wally, walter, wanda, want, wanted, wanting, wants war, warm, warmhearted, warrior, was, wasters, water, wats, watter, way, wcs, we website, wee, weechon, week, weekend, weeks, weim, weiners, weirmarana, welcome, well wembholt, wendy, west, westy, what, when, whf, whft, whippit, whippypoo, whisky, white whitecream, whites, who, whole, whopper, widget, wiggys, will, willow, willows, willy winners, winney, winnie, winning, winston, wippet, wire, wired, wirehaired, wish with, without, wolf, wolfalike, wolfie, wonderboy, wonderful, woody, woodybrook, work working, workshowfamily, world, would, wow, wr, wrapped, wriggler, wrinkle, wrinkles x, x3, xavi, xbreed, xena, xhjjbdfemales, xila, xl, xlbully, xmas, xpups, xs, xx xxs, xxx, xxxxx, xxxxxxxxxxx, y, yara, year, years, yellow, yellowblack, yellowgold yet, yogi, yoirkshire, yorkshie, yorky, yorshire, yoshi, you, youkshire, young, youngsters youngtoo, your, youre, yr, yrs, zac, zach, zack, zappa, zara, zealand, zebedee, zeke zelda, zeus, zhu, ziggy, zino, zippy, zita, zivka, zu, zue, zumba, zyny |
Appendix E. Session Info
Appendix F. Average Price of the Top 20 Most Advertised Breeds
Breed | Price (GBP) |
bulldog | 1461 |
ckcs poodle cross | 1346 |
french bulldog | 1279 |
dachsund | 1226 |
pomeranian | 1120 |
cavalier king charles spaniel | 1100 |
cocker spaniel poodle cross | 1065 |
labradoodle | 1015 |
golden labrador retriever | 999 |
poodle | 952 |
cocker spaniel | 922 |
labrador retriever | 899 |
german shepherd | 847 |
pug | 794 |
chihuahua | 670 |
yorkshire terrier | 652 |
shih tzu | 634 |
english springer spaniel | 603 |
jack russell terrier | 480 |
border collie | 462 |
Appendix G. The Top 20 Most Advertised Breeds Per Region
Rank | Breed | Count | Region |
1 | french bulldog | 768 | England |
2 | cocker spaniel poodle cross | 706 | England |
3 | labrador retriever | 603 | England |
4 | chihuahua | 572 | England |
5 | cocker spaniel | 569 | England |
6 | pug | 521 | England |
7 | dachsund | 478 | England |
8 | bulldog | 438 | England |
9 | poodle | 284 | England |
10 | german shepherd | 279 | England |
11 | shih tzu | 257 | England |
12 | ckcs poodle cross | 233 | England |
13 | jack russell terrier | 221 | England |
14 | pomeranian | 214 | England |
15 | english springer spaniel | 172 | England |
16 | cavalier king charles spaniel | 142 | England |
17 | staffordshire bull terrier | 138 | England |
18 | yorkshire terrier | 137 | England |
19 | labradoodle | 133 | England |
20 | border collie | 132 | England |
1 | french bulldog | 77 | Scotland |
2 | labrador retriever | 77 | Scotland |
3 | chihuahua | 75 | Scotland |
4 | pug | 48 | Scotland |
5 | border collie | 44 | Scotland |
6 | cocker spaniel | 38 | Scotland |
7 | cocker spaniel poodle cross | 35 | Scotland |
8 | shih tzu | 32 | Scotland |
9 | bulldog | 31 | Scotland |
10 | german shepherd | 28 | Scotland |
11 | pomeranian | 28 | Scotland |
12 | yorkshire terrier | 24 | Scotland |
13 | labradoodle | 22 | Scotland |
14 | bichon frise | 19 | Scotland |
15 | dachsund | 19 | Scotland |
16 | english springer spaniel | 18 | Scotland |
17 | lhasa apso | 17 | Scotland |
18 | beagle | 15 | Scotland |
19 | jack russell terrier | 15 | Scotland |
20 | west highland terrier | 14 | Scotland |
1 | french bulldog | 107 | Wales |
2 | labrador retriever | 102 | Wales |
3 | dachsund | 97 | Wales |
4 | cocker spaniel poodle cross | 93 | Wales |
5 | chihuahua | 63 | Wales |
6 | bulldog | 60 | Wales |
7 | cavalier king charles spaniel | 60 | Wales |
8 | cocker spaniel | 57 | Wales |
9 | poodle | 50 | Wales |
10 | cavachon | 42 | Wales |
11 | golden labrador retriever | 40 | Wales |
12 | border collie | 39 | Wales |
13 | pug | 38 | Wales |
14 | ckcs poodle cross | 36 | Wales |
15 | pomeranian | 29 | Wales |
16 | corgi pembroke welsh | 25 | Wales |
17 | beagle | 23 | Wales |
18 | jack russell terrier | 23 | Wales |
19 | boxer | 22 | Wales |
20 | west highland terrier | 22 | Wales |
1 | shnauzer | 30 | Northern Ireland |
2 | chihuahua | 25 | Northern Ireland |
3 | german shepherd | 23 | Northern Ireland |
4 | cocker spaniel | 20 | Northern Ireland |
5 | french bulldog | 18 | Northern Ireland |
6 | shih tzu | 18 | Northern Ireland |
7 | english springer spaniel | 14 | Northern Ireland |
8 | pug | 14 | Northern Ireland |
9 | golden labrador retriever | 13 | Northern Ireland |
10 | dachsund | 12 | Northern Ireland |
11 | labrador retriever | 12 | Northern Ireland |
12 | beagle | 11 | Northern Ireland |
13 | poodle | 11 | Northern Ireland |
14 | staffordshire bull terrier | 11 | Northern Ireland |
15 | yorkshire terrier | 10 | Northern Ireland |
16 | bulldog | 9 | Northern Ireland |
17 | cocker spaniel poodle cross | 9 | Northern Ireland |
18 | border collie | 5 | Northern Ireland |
19 | cavalier king charles spaniel | 5 | Northern Ireland |
20 | lhasa apso | 5 | Northern Ireland |
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Phase | Start | Finish |
---|---|---|
Phase 1 | 1 June 2018 | 31 May 2019 |
Phase 2 | 1 June 2019 | 31 May 2020 |
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Ross, K.E.; Langford, F.; Pearce, D.; McMillan, K.M. What Patterns in Online Classified Puppy Advertisements Can Tell Us about the Current UK Puppy Trade. Animals 2023, 13, 1682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13101682
Ross KE, Langford F, Pearce D, McMillan KM. What Patterns in Online Classified Puppy Advertisements Can Tell Us about the Current UK Puppy Trade. Animals. 2023; 13(10):1682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13101682
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoss, Katharine Eloise, Fritha Langford, Dominic Pearce, and Kirsten M. McMillan. 2023. "What Patterns in Online Classified Puppy Advertisements Can Tell Us about the Current UK Puppy Trade" Animals 13, no. 10: 1682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13101682