Effects of a 15° Variation in Poll Flexion during Riding on the Respiratory Systems and Behaviour of High-Level Dressage and Show-Jumping Horses
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Parameters Evaluated during the Ridden Exercises of the Two Tests
3.1.1. Confirmation of Poll Flexion Angles (Ground Angle and Withers Angle)
3.1.2. Conflict Behaviour
3.1.3. Over-Ground Endoscopy—Upper Airway Tract Dynamic Dysfunctions
3.2. Parameters Evaluated after the Ridden Exercise
3.2.1. Arterial Blood
3.2.2. Pleural Pressure (ΔPpl)
3.2.3. Pharyngeal Diameter
3.3. Parameters Evaluated before and after the Ridden Exercise
Heart and Respiratory Rates (HR and RR)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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VIDEO BEHAVIOUR CLASSIFICATION Horse name ____________________ No. _____ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conflict Behaviour—Most Relevant | ||||||
1st Observation | 2nd Observation | |||||
Tail Swishing | ||||||
Head shaking | ||||||
Mouth opening | ||||||
Pulling the reins from the rider’s hands | ||||||
Conflict Behaviour—other | ||||||
1st Observation | 2nd Observation | |||||
Ears—turned backwards | ||||||
-pinned back | ||||||
Head—lower (stretch forward + down) | ||||||
-raise | ||||||
-tilt | ||||||
-turn | ||||||
-pull in any direction when the reins are put in action | ||||||
Tongue—hang out | ||||||
-suck | ||||||
-lolly (in/out of mouth) | ||||||
Teeth—grind | ||||||
Mouth— tense (no bit movement, teeth occluded, tense jaw) | ||||||
-open or open/close (jaw movement) | ||||||
-excessive salivation/drooling | ||||||
Nostrils—open (more than neutral) | ||||||
-wide open | ||||||
Rearing/bucking/jumping | ||||||
Relaxation Behaviour | ||||||
1st Observation | 2nd Observation | |||||
Ears—play (ear movement) | ||||||
-turned forward | ||||||
Bit—play (lets bit move inside mouth) | ||||||
-chew | ||||||
Rider encouragement (whip/kicking/sound) | ||||||
Rider slowing down (asks horse to move slower) |
Behaviour | Equestrian Discipline | First Test | Second Test | First vs. Second Tests | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-Value | |||
Conflict Behaviours— Most Relevant | Tail Swishing | Dressage | 0.20 | 0.616 | 1.10 | 1.483 | 0.008 |
Show Jumping | 0.95 | 1.234 | 2.90 | 1.619 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 0.58 | 1.035 | 2.00 | 1.783 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | 0.035 | 0.002 | |||||
Head Shaking | Dressage | 0.40 | 0.754 | 1.25 | 1.517 | 0.007 | |
Show Jumping | 0.95 | 0.887 | 2.85 | 1.268 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 0.68 | 0.859 | 2.05 | 1.600 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | 0.043 | 0.001 | |||||
Mouth Opening | Dressage | 1.15 | 0.988 | 2.95 | 0.759 | <0.001 | |
Show Jumping | 0.45 | 0.605 | 2.90 | 1.447 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 0.80 | 0.883 | 2.93 | 1.141 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | 0.018 | 0.461 | |||||
Other Conflict Behaviours | Ears—turned backwards | Dressage | 1.15 | 0.489 | 1.30 | 0.801 | 0.083 |
Show Jumping | 0.45 | 0.686 | 3.90 | 0.308 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 0.80 | 0.687 | 2.60 | 1.446 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |||||
Head—Raise | Dressage | 0.10 | 0.447 | 0.15 | 0.671 | 0.102 | |
Show Jumping | 0.30 | 0.571 | 1.55 | 1.605 | 0.005 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 0.20 | 0.516 | 0.85 | 1.406 | 0.004 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | 0.314 | 0.002 | |||||
Teeth Grinding | Dressage | 0.10 | 0.308 | 1.30 | 1.867 | 0.014 | |
Show Jumping | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 1.00 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 0.05 | 0.221 | 0.65 | 1.460 | 0.014 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | 0.602 | 0.600 | |||||
Mouth—Open or Open/Close | Dressage | 0.45 | 0.605 | 1.55 | 1.276 | <0.001 | |
Show Jumping | 0.45 | 0.999 | 2.50 | 1.701 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 0.45 | 0.815 | 2.03 | 1.561 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | 0.445 | 0.076 | |||||
Mouth—Excessive Salivation/ Drooling | Dressage | 1.65 | 1.348 | 2.85 | 1.137 | <0.001 | |
Show Jumping | 0.85 | 1.268 | 2.85 | 1.599 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 1.25 | 1.354 | 2.85 | 1.369 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | 0.068 | 0.602 | |||||
Nostrils—Open (more than neutral) | Dressage | 1.05 | 0.224 | 1.15 | 0.489 | 0.157 | |
Show Jumping | 0.05 | 0.224 | 0.15 | 0.671 | 0.317 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 0.55 | 0.224 | 0.65 | 0.585 | 0.098 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |||||
Rearing/Bucking/Jumping | Dressage | 0.10 | 0.308 | 0.25 | 0.444 | 0.180 | |
Show Jumping | 0.20 | 0.410 | 0.55 | 0.686 | 0.035 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 0.15 | 0.362 | 0.40 | 0.591 | 0.012 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | 0.602 | 0.231 | |||||
Relaxation Behaviour | Ears—Play (ear movement) | Dressage | 1.00 | 0.000 | 0.15 | 0.366 | <0.001 |
Show Jumping | 3.90 | 0.308 | 0.25 | 0.550 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 2.45 | 1.484 | 0.20 | 0.464 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | p < 0.001 | 0.758 | |||||
Ears—Turned forward | Dressage | 1.00 | 0.000 | 0.70 | 0.470 | 0.014 | |
Show Jumping | 4.00 | 0.000 | 0.70 | 0.571 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 2.50 | 1.519 | 0.70 | 0.516 | <0.001 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | p < 0.001 | 0.947 | |||||
Bit—Play (letting the bit move inside the mouth) | Dressage | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 1.000 | |
Show Jumping | 1.55 | 1.638 | 0.15 | 0.489 | 0.004 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 0.78 | 1.387 | 0.08 | 0.350 | 0.004 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | 0.006 | 0.602 | |||||
Rider Encouragement (whip/ kicking/noise) | Dressage | 0.30 | 0.571 | 0.65 | 0.813 | 0.034 | |
Show Jumping | 0.45 | 0.686 | 0.95 | 1.050 | 0.065 | ||
Show Jumping/Dressage (joint) | 0.38 | 0.628 | 0.80 | 0.939 | 0.007 | ||
Show Jumping vs. Dressage | 0.565 | 0.445 |
Upper Airway Dysfunctions | Equestrian Discipline | First Test | Second Test | First vs. Second Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-Value | ||
Aryepiglottic Folds (axial deviation) | Dressage | 0.35 | 0.489 | 0.75 | 0.639 | 0.011 |
Show Jumping | 0.55 | 0.605 | 0.70 | 0.733 | 0.03 | |
Show Jumping/Dressage (Joint) | 0.45 | 0.552 | 0.73 | 0.679 | 0.02 | |
Corniculate Process of Arytenoid (ventro-axial luxation) | Dressage | 0.65 | 0.813 | 0.80 | 0.894 | 0.180 |
Show Jumping | 0.55 | 0.759 | 0.85 | 0.671 | 0.014 | |
Show Jumping/Dressage (Joint) | 0.60 | 0.778 | 0.83 | 0.781 | 0.007 | |
Palatal Instability/ Dysfunction (PI) | Dressage | 1.05 | 0.759 | 1.60 | 0.681 | 0.005 |
Show Jumping | 0.85 | 0.587 | 2.05 | 0.394 | 0.000 | |
Show Jumping/Dressage (Joint) | 0.95 | 0.677 | 1.83 | 0.594 | <0.001 | |
Intermittent Bilateral Arytenoid Cartilage Collapse | Dressage | 0.85 | 0.933 | 1.95 | 1.234 | 0.000 |
Show Jumping | 0.90 | 1.021 | 1.30 | 1.302 | 0.038 | |
Show Jumping/Dressage (Joint) | 0.88 | 0.966 | 1.63 | 1.295 | <0.001 | |
Vocal Fold Collapse | Dressage | 0.60 | 0.598 | 0.95 | 0.605 | 0.001 |
Show Jumping | 0.80 | 0.616 | 1.10 | 0.718 | 0.034 | |
Show Jumping/Dressage (Joint) | 0.70 | 0.608 | 1.03 | 0.660 | 0.01 | |
Nasopharyngeal Collapse | Dressage | 0.55 | 0.887 | 1.95 | 1.605 | 0.002 |
Show Jumping | 0.60 | 1.142 | 2.50 | 1.606 | 0.001 | |
Show Jumping/Dressage (Joint) | 0.58 | 1.010 | 2.23 | 1.609 | <0.001 | |
Cricotracheal ligament collapse | Dressage | 0.05 | 0.224 | 0.25 | 0.444 | 0.046 |
Show Jumping | 0.15 | 0.366 | 0.35 | 0.745 | 0.046 | |
Show Jumping/Dressage (Joint) | 0.10 | 0.304 | 0.30 | 0.608 | 0.005 | |
Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hyperplasia | Dressage | 0.70 | 0.657 | 0.90 | 0.912 | 0.046 |
Show Jumping | 0.65 | 0.813 | 0.70 | 0.801 | 0.317 | |
Show Jumping/Dressage (Joint) | 0.68 | 0.730 | 0.80 | 0.853 | 0.025 |
Heart Rate | First Test | Second Test | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | First vs. Second Test | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Dressage | 46.90 a | 6.398 | 93.95 b | 11.325 | 41.50 a | 6.083 | 108.25 c | 14.671 | p < 0.001 |
Show Jumping | 51.90 b | 4.887 | 85.50 c | 12.292 | 44.35 a | 4.998 | 99.00 d | 11.814 | p < 0.001 |
All Horses Together | 49.40 | 6.164 | 89.73 | 12.426 | 42.93 | 5.681 | 103.63 | 13.957 | p < 0.001 |
Dressage vs. Show Jumping (p) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.265 | 0.04 | |||||
Respiratory Rate | First test | Second test | |||||||
Before | After | Before | After | First vs. second test | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Dressage | 23.40 a | 7.170 | 65.35 b | 18.199 | 20.30 a | 6.027 | 79.40 c | 14.637 | p < 0.001 |
Show Jumping | 34.00 b | 12.329 | 64.95 c | 24.412 | 27.45 a | 10.081 | 82.60 d | 22.281 | p < 0.001 |
All Horses Together | 28.70 | 11.310 | 65.15 | 21.254 | 23.88 | 8.962 | 81.00 | 18.678 | p < 0.001 |
Dressage vs. Show Jumping (p) | 0.003 | 0.904 | 0.009 | 0.383 |
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Tilley, P.; Simões, J.; Sales Luis, J.P. Effects of a 15° Variation in Poll Flexion during Riding on the Respiratory Systems and Behaviour of High-Level Dressage and Show-Jumping Horses. Animals 2023, 13, 1714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13101714
Tilley P, Simões J, Sales Luis JP. Effects of a 15° Variation in Poll Flexion during Riding on the Respiratory Systems and Behaviour of High-Level Dressage and Show-Jumping Horses. Animals. 2023; 13(10):1714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13101714
Chicago/Turabian StyleTilley, Paula, Joana Simões, and José Paulo Sales Luis. 2023. "Effects of a 15° Variation in Poll Flexion during Riding on the Respiratory Systems and Behaviour of High-Level Dressage and Show-Jumping Horses" Animals 13, no. 10: 1714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13101714