Characterization of the Caudal Ventral Tubercle in the Sixth Cervical Vertebra in Modern Equus ferus caballus
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Terminology
2.3. Materials
2.4. Methods
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Individual Grades
3.2. Statistical Analysis: Absent CVTs by Morphology—Bilateral or Unilateral
3.3. Statistical Analysis: Absent CrVT Patterns of Loss
3.4. Bilateral Presentations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Laterality | Grade | aCVT Left | aCVT Right | aCrVT Left | aCrVT Right |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unilateral | 1/4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | |
2/4 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 2 | |
3/4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | ||
4/4 | 22 | 6 | |||
Bilateral | 1/4 | 2 | 7 | 6 | |
2/4 | 1 | 8 | 6 | ||
3/4 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | |
4/4 | 27 | 26 |
Characteristic | Bilateral, n = 29 | Unilateral Left n = 35 | Unilateral Right n = 12 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Origin | 0.0787 1 | |||
Asia | 0 (0%) | 3 (8.6%) | 1 (8.3%) | |
Australasia | 18 (62%) | 23 (66%) | 6 (50%) | |
Europe | 2 (6.9%) | 2 (5.7%) | 4 (33%) | |
North America | 9 (31%) | 7 (20%) | 1 (8.3%) | |
Breed (purpose) | 0.3970 2 | |||
Racing | 15 (52%) | 24 (69%) | 7 (58%) | |
Riding | 14 (48%) | 11 (31%) | 5 (42%) | |
Average Age | 11 | 12 | 11 | 0.8023 3 |
Sex | 0.9508 2 | |||
F | 12 (41%) | 13 (37%) | 5 (42%) | |
M | 17 (59%) | 22 (63%) | 7 (58%) |
Grade (0–4) | 0/4 (%) | 1/4 (%) | 2/4 (%) | 3/4 (%) | 4/4 (%) | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Left aCVT | 12 (15%) | 3 (4%) | 6 (8%) | 6 (8%) | 49 (65%) | 76 |
Right aCVT | 35 (46%) | 2 (4%) | 4 (4.5%) | 4 (4.5%) | 31 (41%) | 76 |
Total | 47 (30.5%) | 5 (4%) | 10 (6.25%) | 10 (6.25%) | 80 (53%) | 152 |
Left aCVT Grade (n) | 0/4 n = 12 | 1/4 n= 3 | 2/4 n= 6 | 3/4 n= 6 | 4/4 n= 49 |
Left aCrVT Grade | |||||
0/4 | 12 (100%) | 3 (100%) | 6 (100%) | 6 (100%) | 12 (24%) |
1/4 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (18%) |
2/4 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 24 (49%) |
3/4 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (8.2%) |
Right aCVT Grade | 0/4 n = 35 | 1/4 n= 2 | 2/4 n= 4 | 3/4 n= 4 | 4/4 n= 31 |
Right aCrVT Grade | |||||
0/4 | 35 (100%) | 2 (100%) | 4 (100%) | 4 (100%) | 14 (45%) |
1/4 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (19%) |
2/4 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (29%) |
3/4 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6.5%) |
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May-Davis, S.; Dzingle, D.; Saber, E.; Blades Eckelbarger, P. Characterization of the Caudal Ventral Tubercle in the Sixth Cervical Vertebra in Modern Equus ferus caballus. Animals 2023, 13, 2384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13142384
May-Davis S, Dzingle D, Saber E, Blades Eckelbarger P. Characterization of the Caudal Ventral Tubercle in the Sixth Cervical Vertebra in Modern Equus ferus caballus. Animals. 2023; 13(14):2384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13142384
Chicago/Turabian StyleMay-Davis, Sharon, Diane Dzingle, Elle Saber, and Pamela Blades Eckelbarger. 2023. "Characterization of the Caudal Ventral Tubercle in the Sixth Cervical Vertebra in Modern Equus ferus caballus" Animals 13, no. 14: 2384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13142384