Bee Products for Poultry and Rabbits: Current Challenges and Perspectives
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Potential Effects of Bee Products on Poultry and Rabbit Performance
2.1. Bee Propolis
2.2. Bee Pollen
2.3. Royal Jelly
2.4. Bee Venom
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bee Products | Bioactive Components | References |
---|---|---|
Propolis | Resin (50–70%), oil and wax (30–50%), pollen (5–10%), and amino acids (2.9%) such as methionine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, lysine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Sugar (31%), carboxylic acid (17%), terpenoid (14%), aldehyde (~6%), and hydrocarbon (~6%). Phenolics (13.2 mg/mL), flavonoids (34.5 mg/mL), minerals such as magnesium and calcium, vitamins such as B, C, and E, aromatic and essential oils (10%). | [16,17,18] |
Pollen | Protein (23% on average) includes essential amino acids (10%) such as methionine, histidine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, valine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. Digestible carbohydrates (30% on average), sugars (26%) mainly glucose and fructose, and essential fatty acids (~5%). | [19,20,21] |
Royal Jelly | Proteins (18%), carbohydrates (15%), sugar (~13%) mainly glucose and fructose, lipids (6%), trace minerals such as copper and iron, water-soluble vitamins such as B and C. Free amino acids such as methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and valine. | [22,23] |
Venom | Melittin (50%), phospholipase A2 (16%), apamin (2%), adolapin (1%), and hyaluronidase. Amino acids such as histidine, alanine, cysteine, glutamic acid, and tyrosine. Sugars, phospholipids, biogenic amines such as histamine and dopamine, minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, volatile compounds, and pheromones. | [24,25,26,27] |
Bee Products | Administration and Dose | Main Results | References |
---|---|---|---|
Propolis | Supplemented at the level of 300 mg/kg of diet | Improves growth performance, antioxidative capacity, and immune response of chickens. | [35] |
Added at the level of 250–500 mg/kg of diet | Lowers the colonization of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in the cecum and enhances the immunological response of growing rabbits. | [36] | |
Administered at the level of 50 μL/kg of body weight | Serves as a natural growth promoter and prevents coccidiosis for growing rabbits. | [37] | |
Pollen | Administered at the level of 5 g/kg of diet | Improves quail males’ growth performance and body weight gain. | [38] |
Boosts quail hens’ egg production and immunological response. | [39] | ||
Added at the level of 30 g/kg of quail male diets | Increases body weight and testosterone levels as well as improves reproductive efficiency of quails. | [40] | |
Supplemented at the level of 2 g/kg of diet | Decreases feed intake and plasma LDL-cholesterol level as well as improves feed conversion ratio of chickens. | [29] | |
Included as an oral supplement at the level of 250 or 350 mg/kg of body weight | Improves growing rabbits’blood biochemical parameters (total protein, T3, and IGF-1), feed conversion ratio, and immunity. | [41] | |
Royal Jelly | Administered at the level of 100–200 mg/kg of diet | Increases laying hen–day egg production rate. | [42] |
Administered at the level of 150 mg/kg of body weight | Improves rabbits’ physiological status including liver and kidney functions and prevents summer infertility. | [43] | |
Administered at the level of 200 mg/kg of diet | Maximizes profits from safe and high-quality products of chickens. | [9] | |
Venom | Added at the level of 2 mg/L of water | Decreases feed intake and plasma LDL-cholesterol level as well as improves feed conversion ratio of chickens. | [29] |
Administered in drinking water up to 2 mg/L | Boosts body weight, dressing percentage, carcass quality, and immunity of broilers. | [44] | |
Added at 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg body weight/day in drinking water | Improves feed conversion rate by reducing feed intake and increasing body weight of rabbits. | [45] | |
Injecting 0.3 mg/rabbit twice weekly | Improves bucks’ semen quality, blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and immune response. | [46] | |
Injecting 0.3 mg/rabbit twice weekly | Enhances rabbit does’ reproductive behavior and efficiency as well as liver and kidney functions. | [47] | |
Injecting up to 2 mg/kg of body weight/day | Improves antioxidant status, immunity, and bacterial count in the hindgut of weaning rabbits. | [48] | |
Injected at 0.3 mg/rabbit twice a week from 5 to 10 weeks of age | Improves feed conversion ratio, body weight, and carcass quality of growing rabbits. | [49] | |
In ovo injection of 10 µg of melittin/egg on day 18 of incubation | Increases the post-hatch chick’s weight and enhances the immunological indices. | [12] |
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Abd El-Aziz, A.; Abo Ghanima, M.; Mota-Rojas, D.; Sherasiya, A.; Ciani, F.; El-Sabrout, K. Bee Products for Poultry and Rabbits: Current Challenges and Perspectives. Animals 2023, 13, 3517. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223517
Abd El-Aziz A, Abo Ghanima M, Mota-Rojas D, Sherasiya A, Ciani F, El-Sabrout K. Bee Products for Poultry and Rabbits: Current Challenges and Perspectives. Animals. 2023; 13(22):3517. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223517
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbd El-Aziz, Ayman, Mahmoud Abo Ghanima, Daniel Mota-Rojas, Anjum Sherasiya, Francesca Ciani, and Karim El-Sabrout. 2023. "Bee Products for Poultry and Rabbits: Current Challenges and Perspectives" Animals 13, no. 22: 3517. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223517