My Dog Is Not My Cat: Owner Perception of the Personalities of Dogs and Cats Living in the Same Household
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials and Procedure
- Section A included five multiple-choice questions on participant demographic data: age, gender, region of residence, and number of pets owned. The respondent was also asked for his expertise on animals, then if he was a veterinarian, a dog trainer, a volunteer for animals, a dog/cat breeder, or an animal passionate.
- Section B consisted of 25 multiple-choice questions concerning the dogs’ physical characteristics (age, sex, de-sexing status, size, type), the amount of time it had been left with the mother and the age of acquisition, management (where the dog lives and sleeps), and personality of the owned dog. To facilitate comparison between dogs and cats, breed, age, the amount of time it had been left with the mother and age of acquisition were classified in categories as showed in Table S2. In order to define the dog’s personality, we used 15 descriptors selected from the bibliography [5,6,8,9,11,19,21] rated on a 6-point scale from 0 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree): playful; loving; sociable; shy; aggressive; calm; independent; lazy; fearful; patient; hyperactive; noisy; territorial; protective; and jealous.
- Section C contained the same questions as Section B, but about the cat.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Comparison of the Demographic Characteristics between Dogs and Cats
3.3. Dog and Cat Personalities
3.4. Multivariate Models Determining What Factors Influence Dogs’ and Cats’ Personality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Component | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociability | Protectiveness | Reactivity | Neuroticism | Fearfulness | |
Loving | 0.861 | 0.122 | −0.069 | −0.001 | 0.118 |
Sociable | 0.838 | −0.036 | 0.023 | 0.152 | −0.236 |
Playful | 0.642 | 0.148 | 0.444 | 0.020 | −0.040 |
Protective | 0.022 | 0.806 | 0.174 | −0.070 | 0.003 |
Territorial | −0.009 | 0.803 | 0.095 | 0.016 | −0.009 |
Jealous | 0.155 | 0.751 | 0.081 | −0.111 | 0.093 |
Hyperactive | 0.227 | 0.161 | 0.772 | 0.026 | −0.026 |
Calm | 0.224 | 0.033 | −0.769 | 0.177 | 0.064 |
Noisy | 0.097 | 0.255 | 0.670 | 0.007 | 0.092 |
Aggressive | 0.131 | −0.091 | 0.064 | 0.856 | −0.061 |
Shy | 0.314 | −0.202 | −0.046 | 0.733 | 0.311 |
Independent | −0.235 | 0.072 | −0.204 | 0.634 | −0.235 |
Fearful | −0.109 | 0.085 | −0.006 | −0.047 | 0.933 |
% Variance explained | 22.22 | 18.00 | 10.84 | 9.94 | 8.40 |
Cumulative % variance explained | 69.40 | ||||
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.689 | 0.729 | 0.620 | 0.631 | - |
SOCIABILITY | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | DOG | CAT | ||||
B | SE | p | B | SE | p | |
AGE OF PET * | −0.04 | 0.008 | <0.001 | −0.05 | 0.063 | <0.001 |
SEX OF PET | ||||||
Female vs. male | −0.01 | 0.013 | 0.538 | −0.05 | 0.009 | <0.001 |
NEUTERING STATUS | ||||||
Yes vs. no | −0.02 | 0.013 | 0.151 | −0.03 | 0.025 | 0.280 |
BREED | ||||||
Purebred vs. mixed | −0.01 | 0.012 | 0.350 | −0.04 | 0.026 | 0.170 |
AGE OF ACQUISITION * | −0.04 | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.012 | 0.097 |
AGE WITH MOTHER | ||||||
<1 week vs. >3 months | 0.01 | 0.072 | 0.142 | 0.04 | 0.093 | 0.985 |
Until 1 month vs. >3 months | −0.05 | 0.064 | 0.03 | 0.090 | ||
Until 3 months vs. >3 months | −0.01 | 0.063 | 0.04 | 0.090 | ||
Unknown vs. >3 months | −0.02 | 0.064 | 0.03 | 0.090 | ||
SEX OF RESPONDENT | ||||||
Women vs. men | 0.01 | 0.020 | 0.592 | −0.02 | 0.024 | 0.367 |
AGE OF RESPONDENT * | 0.01 | 0.007 | 0.696 | 0.01 | 0.009 | 0.137 |
REGION | ||||||
Central vs. North | −0.01 | 0.013 | 0.682 | −0.03 | 0.015 | <0.008 |
South vs. North | −0.01 | 0.017 | −0.06 | 0.020 | ||
EXPERTISE | ||||||
Dog expertise vs. No expertise | −0.01 | 0.023 | 0.575 | −0.03 | 0.028 | 0.073 |
Cat expertise vs. No expertise | −0.01 | 0.028 | 0.07 | 0.035 | ||
Dog and cat expertise vs. No expertise | 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.017 | ||
N° OF DOGS/CATS * | −0.01 | 0.011 | 0.941 | 0.05 | 0.010 | <0.001 |
LIVING HABITS OF PET | ||||||
Indoors vs. Outdoors | 0.02 | 0.013 | 0.064 | 0.06 | 0.042 | 0.413 |
Both Indoors and Outdoors vs. Outdoors | 0.05 | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.040 | ||
SLEEPING HABITS OF PET | ||||||
Enclosed space vs. Outdoors | −0.01 | 0.033 | 0.433 | 0.05 | 0.043 | 0.165 |
Home area vs. Outdoors | −0.01 | 0.029 | −0.02 | 0.038 | ||
Free in the home vs. Outdoors | 0.02 | 0.027 | 0.01 | 0.035 | ||
Bedroom vs. Outdoors | 0.03 | 0.028 | 0.05 | 0.043 | ||
On the bed vs. Outdoors | 0.03 | 0.028 | 0.05 | 0.038 | ||
Other vs. Outdoors | −0.01 | 0.056 | 0.03 | 0.044 |
PROTECTIVENESS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | DOG | CAT | ||||
B | SE | p | B | SE | p | |
AGE OF PET * | −0.02 | 0.011 | 0.121 | 0.01 | 0.009 | 0.110 |
SEX OF PET | ||||||
Female vs. male | −0.02 | 0.017 | 0.346 | 0.02 | 0.014 | 0.177 |
NEUTERING STATUS | ||||||
Yes vs. no | −0.01 | 0.019 | 0.438 | 0.01 | 0.025 | 0.610 |
BREED | ||||||
Purebred vs. mixed | −0.03 | 0.017 | 0.053 | 0.01 | 0.027 | 0.985 |
AGE OF ACQUISITION * | −0.03 | 0.012 | 0.005 | −0.01 | 0.013 | 0.532 |
AGE WITH MOTHER | ||||||
<1 week vs. >3 months | −0.09 | 0.099 | 0.411 | −0.12 | 0.096 | 0.024 |
Until 1 month vs. >3 months | −0.06 | 0.088 | −0.10 | 0.092 | ||
Until 3 months vs. >3 months | −0.09 | 0.086 | −0.15 | 0.092 | ||
Unknown vs. >3 months | −0.09 | 0.087 | −0.16 | 0.092 | ||
SEX OF RESPONDENT | ||||||
Women vs. men | −0.04 | 0.028 | 0.114 | −0.01 | 0.013 | 0.412 |
AGE OF RESPONDENT * | −0.03 | 0.010 | 0.010 | −0.02 | 0.009 | 0.065 |
REGION | ||||||
Central vs. North | 0.02 | 0.017 | 0.537 | 0.02 | 0.016 | 0.474 |
South vs. North | 0.02 | 0.023 | −0.01 | 0.020 | ||
EXPERTISE | ||||||
Dog expertise vs. No expertise | −0.01 | 0.031 | 0.714 | −0.06 | 0.028 | 0.121 |
Cat expertise vs. No expertise | 0.01 | 0.039 | 0.02 | 0.036 | ||
Dog and cat expertise vs. No expertise | 0.02 | 0.020 | −0.01 | 0.018 | ||
N° OF DOGS/CATS * | −0.01 | 0.015 | 0.447 | 0.01 | 0.011 | 0.775 |
LIVING HABITS OF PET | ||||||
Indoors vs. Outdoors | 0.06 | 0.017 | 0.001 | −0.02 | 0.044 | <0.001 |
Both Indoors and Outdoors vs. Outdoors | 0.05 | 0.034 | 0.05 | 0.041 | ||
SLEEPING HABITS OF PET | ||||||
Enclosed space vs. Outdoors | 0.10 | 0.046 | 0.014 | −0.01 | 0.044 | 0.789 |
Home area vs. Outdoors | −0.03 | 0.039 | 0.02 | 0.040 | ||
Free in the home vs. Outdoors | −0.01 | 0.037 | 0.04 | 0.037 | ||
Bedroom vs. Outdoors | 0.04 | 0.038 | 0.05 | 0.044 | ||
On the bed vs. Outdoors | 0.05 | 0.039 | 0.05 | 0.040 | ||
Other vs. Outdoors | 0.02 | 0.077 | 0.04 | 0.045 |
REACTIVITY | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | DOG | CAT | ||||
B | SE | p | B | SE | p | |
AGE OF PET * | −0.07 | 0.010 | <0.001 | −0.07 | 0.008 | <0.001 |
SEX OF PET | ||||||
Female vs. male | −0.01 | 0.016 | 0.455 | −0.01 | 0.013 | 0.680 |
NEUTERING STATUS | ||||||
Yes vs. no | −0.03 | 0.017 | 0.151 | −0.03 | 0.023 | 0.166 |
BREED | ||||||
Purebred vs. mixed | −0.03 | 0.016 | 0.037 | −0.02 | 0.024 | 0.365 |
AGE OF ACQUISITION * | −0.03 | 0.011 | 0.004 | −0.03 | 0.011 | 0.028 |
AGE WITH MOTHER | ||||||
<1 week vs. >3 months | 0.11 | 0.092 | 0.133 | 0.02 | 0.086 | 0.949 |
Until 1 month vs. >3 months | 0.12 | 0.081 | 0.03 | 0.083 | ||
Until 3 months vs. >3 months | 0.08 | 0.080 | 0.02 | 0.082 | ||
Unknown vs. >3 months | 0.07 | 0.080 | 0.03 | 0.082 | ||
SEX OF RESPONDENT | ||||||
Women vs. men | −0.04 | 0.026 | 0.165 | −0.01 | 0.023 | 0.656 |
AGE OF RESPONDENT * | −0.03 | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.007 | 0.029 |
REGION | ||||||
Central vs. North | −0.01 | 0.016 | 0.476 | −0.04 | 0.014 | 0.009 |
South vs. North | −0.03 | 0.021 | −0.03 | 0.018 | ||
EXPERTISE | ||||||
Dog expertise vs. No expertise | −0.05 | 0.029 | 0.016 | −0.04 | 0.026 | 0.046 |
Cat expertise vs. No expertise | 0.07 | 0.036 | 0.02 | 0.032 | ||
Dog and cat expertise vs. No expertise | 0.02 | 0.019 | 0.02 | 0.016 | ||
N° OF DOGS/CATS * | 0.01 | 0.014 | 0.873 | −0.01 | 0.010 | 0.597 |
LIVING HABITS OF PET | ||||||
Indoors vs. Outdoors | −0.01 | 0.016 | 0.809 | 0.07 | 0.039 | 0.132 |
Both Indoors and Outdoors vs. Outdoors | 0.02 | 0.031 | 0.05 | 0.037 | ||
SLEEPING HABITS OF PET | ||||||
Enclosed space vs. Outdoors | 0.12 | 0.041 | 0.013 | −0.01 | 0.040 | 0.714 |
Home area vs. Outdoors | 0.03 | 0.036 | 0.01 | 0.036 | ||
Free in the home vs. Outdoors | 0.01 | 0.034 | −0.01 | 0.033 | ||
Bedroom vs. Outdoors | 0.03 | 0.035 | 0.02 | 0.040 | ||
On the bed vs. Outdoors | 0.05 | 0.036 | 0.01 | 0.036 | ||
Other vs. Outdoors | −0.04 | 0.072 | −0.04 | 0.040 |
NEUROTICISM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | DOG | CAT | ||||
B | SE | p | B | SE | p | |
AGE OF PET * | 0.01 | 0.007 | 0.496 | −0.03 | 0.009 | 0.001 |
SEX OF PET | ||||||
Female vs. male | −0.01 | 0.011 | 0.520 | −0.05 | 0.013 | <0.001 |
NEUTERING STATUS | ||||||
Yes vs. no | 0.02 | 0.011 | 0.116 | −0.03 | 0.024 | 0.163 |
BREED | ||||||
Purebred vs. mixed | −0.04 | 0.011 | <0.001 | −0.03 | 0.026 | 0.204 |
AGE OF ACQUISITION * | 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.339 | 0.02 | 0.012 | 0.079 |
AGE WITH MOTHER | ||||||
<1 week vs. >3 months | −0.04 | 0.061 | 0.546 | −0.10 | 0.091 | 0.611 |
Until 1 month vs. >3 months | −0.05 | 0.054 | −0.08 | 0.088 | ||
Until 3 months vs. >3 months | −0.04 | 0.053 | −0.06 | 0.087 | ||
Unknown vs. >3 months | −0.06 | 0.054 | −0.07 | 0.087 | ||
SEX OF RESPONDENT | ||||||
Women vs. men | −0.02 | 0.017 | 0.380 | −0.01 | 0.024 | 0.863 |
AGE OF RESPONDENT * | −0.01 | 0.006 | 0.396 | 0.02 | 0.008 | 0.007 |
REGION | ||||||
Central vs. North | −0.02 | 0.011 | 0.067 | −0.03 | 0.015 | 0.058 |
South vs. North | −0.03 | 0.014 | −0.04 | 0.020 | ||
EXPERTISE | ||||||
Dog expertise vs. No expertise | 0.02 | 0.019 | 0.511 | −0.02 | 0.027 | 0.147 |
Cat expertise vs. No expertise | −0.02 | 0.024 | 0.06 | 0.035 | ||
Dog and cat expertise vs. No expertise | 0.01 | 0.013 | −0.01 | 0.017 | ||
N° OF DOGS/CATS * | −0.01 | 0.009 | 0.370 | 0.04 | 0.010 | <0.001 |
LIVING HABITS OF PET | ||||||
Indoors vs. Outdoors | 0.02 | 0.011 | 0.120 | 0.03 | 0.041 | 0.703 |
Both Indoors and Outdoors vs. Outdoors | 0.04 | 0.021 | 0.03 | 0.039 | ||
SLEEPING HABITS OF PET | ||||||
Enclosed space vs. Outdoors | −0.01 | 0.028 | 0.039 | −0.05 | 0.042 | 0.026 |
Home area vs. Outdoors | −0.05 | 0.024 | −0.12 | 0.038 | ||
Free in the home vs. Outdoors | −0.04 | 0.023 | −0.07 | 0.035 | ||
Bedroom vs. Outdoors | −0.06 | 0.024 | −0.06 | 0.042 | ||
On the bed vs. Outdoors | −0.06 | 0.024 | −0.09 | 0.038 | ||
Other vs. Outdoors | −0.03 | 0.046 | −0.02 | 0.043 |
FEARFULNESS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | DOG | CAT | ||||
B | SE | p | B | SE | p | |
AGE OF PET * | −0.01 | 0.012 | 0.275 | 0.02 | 0.012 | 0.070 |
SEX OF PET | ||||||
Female vs. male | 0.04 | 0.020 | 0.034 | 0.02 | 0.019 | 0.300 |
NEUTERING STATUS | ||||||
Yes vs. no | 0.04 | 0.021 | 0.099 | 0.02 | 0.034 | 0.652 |
BREED | ||||||
Purebred vs. mixed | −0.07 | 0.020 | <0.001 | −0.05 | 0.035 | 0.132 |
AGE OF ACQUISITION * | 0.05 | 0.014 | 0.001 | −0.02 | 0.017 | 0.279 |
AGE WITH MOTHER | ||||||
<1 week vs. >3 months | 0.07 | 0.115 | 0.828 | 0.09 | 0.127 | 0.119 |
Until 1 month vs. >3 months | 0.10 | 0.102 | 0.16 | 0.122 | ||
Until 3 months vs. >3 months | 0.08 | 0.100 | 0.10 | 0.121 | ||
Unknown vs. >3 months | 0.07 | 0.101 | 0.12 | 0.121 | ||
SEX OF RESPONDENT | ||||||
Women vs. men | −0.04 | 0.031 | 0.254 | −0.02 | 0.033 | 0.496 |
AGE OF RESPONDENT * | −0.03 | 0.011 | 0.015 | −0.03 | 0.009 | 0.033 |
REGION | ||||||
Central vs. North | 0.01 | 0.020 | 0.452 | 0.04 | 0.021 | 0.179 |
South vs. North | −0.03 | 0.027 | 0.04 | 0.027 | ||
EXPERTISE | ||||||
Dog expertise vs. No expertise | −0.05 | 0.036 | 0.336 | −0.07 | 0.038 | 0.172 |
Cat expertise vs. No expertise | −0.05 | 0.045 | 0.01 | 0.047 | ||
Dog and cat expertise vs. No expertise | −0.04 | 0.023 | −0.01 | 0.024 | ||
N° OF DOGS/CATS * | −0.05 | 0.017 | 0.002 | −0.04 | 0.014 | 0.003 |
LIVING HABITS OF PET | ||||||
Indoors vs. Outdoors | −0.06 | 0.020 | 0.017 | −0.08 | 0.058 | 0.250 |
Both Indoors and Outdoors vs. Outdoors | −0.06 | 0.039 | −0.05 | 0.055 | ||
SLEEPING HABITS OF PET | ||||||
Enclosed space vs. Outdoors | −0.03 | 0.052 | 0.376 | 0.17 | 0.059 | 0.034 |
Home area vs. Outdoors | 0.05 | 0.045 | 0.09 | 0.052 | ||
Free in the home vs. Outdoors | 0.03 | 0.042 | 0.11 | 0.049 | ||
Bedroom vs. Outdoors | −0.01 | 0.044 | 0.13 | 0.058 | ||
On the bed vs. Outdoors | 0.01 | 0.045 | 0.15 | 0.053 | ||
Other vs. Outdoors | −0.03 | 0.087 | 0.06 | 0.060 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Menchetti, L.; Calipari, S.; Guelfi, G.; Catanzaro, A.; Diverio, S. My Dog Is Not My Cat: Owner Perception of the Personalities of Dogs and Cats Living in the Same Household. Animals 2018, 8, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8060080
Menchetti L, Calipari S, Guelfi G, Catanzaro A, Diverio S. My Dog Is Not My Cat: Owner Perception of the Personalities of Dogs and Cats Living in the Same Household. Animals. 2018; 8(6):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8060080
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenchetti, Laura, Silvia Calipari, Gabriella Guelfi, Alice Catanzaro, and Silvana Diverio. 2018. "My Dog Is Not My Cat: Owner Perception of the Personalities of Dogs and Cats Living in the Same Household" Animals 8, no. 6: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8060080
APA StyleMenchetti, L., Calipari, S., Guelfi, G., Catanzaro, A., & Diverio, S. (2018). My Dog Is Not My Cat: Owner Perception of the Personalities of Dogs and Cats Living in the Same Household. Animals, 8(6), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8060080