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Correction

Correction: King et al. Surface-Rupturing Historical Earthquakes in Australia and Their Environmental Effects: New Insights from Re-Analyses of Observational Data. Geosciences 2019, 9, 408

1
School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
2
Geoscience Australia, Canberra 2609, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Geosciences 2022, 12(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020081
Submission received: 19 January 2022 / Accepted: 21 January 2022 / Published: 10 February 2022
The authors would like to correct the published article [1]:
Table 1 on page 2 of the article requires three corrections:
1.
The published maximum vertical displacement (m) of the Tennant Creek 1 (Kunayungku) NT earthquake was 0.9 m, not 10.9 m;
2.
The date of the Lake Muir, WA surface rupturing earthquake was 16/09/2018, not 08/11/2018 (this was the date of a Mw 5.2 aftershock, see [2] for details);
3.
Due to a calculation error described below, the average net-slip (m) calculated from this paper for the Cadoux earthquake should be 0.45 m, not 0.54 m.
The updated and correct Table 1 is:
Table 1. Summary of known historic Australian surface rupturing earthquakes and relevant references.
Table 1. Summary of known historic Australian surface rupturing earthquakes and relevant references.
NameFig. 1Magnitude (Mw) [11]Date (UTC)This Paper:PublishedRelevant References
Length (km)DipAvg. Net-slip (m)Length (km)Max. Vert. Disp. (m)
Meckering, WA16.5914/10/196840 ± 535° ± 101.78372.5[12–37]
Calingiri, WA85.0310/03/19703.3 ± 0.220° ± 100.463.30.4[23–25,38,39]
Cadoux, WA46.102/06/197920 ± 560° ± 300.45141.4[28,40–45]
Marryat Creek, SA55.730/03/198613 ± 140° ± 100.31130.9[1,28,46–49]
Tennant Creek 1 (Kunayungku) NT76.2722/01/19889 ± 140° ± 50.5510.20.9[1,49–69]
Tennant Creek 2 (Lake Surprise west)66.4422/01/19889 ± 260° ± 100.846.71.1[1,49–69]
Tennant Creek 3 (Lake Surprise east)36.5822/01/198816 ± 0.535 ° ± 51.23161.8[1,49–69]
Katanning, WA104.710/10/20070.5 ± 0.540° ± 50.21.260.1[70,71]
Pukatja, SA95.1823/03/20121.3 ± 0.330° ± 100.251.60.5[9,72]
Petermann, NT26.120/05/201621 ± 0.530° ± 50.42201.0[73–78]
Lake Muir, WA 5.316/09/2018 30.5[79]
Other literature with relevant analysis or data regarding historic ruptures: [80–98].
Net-slip values calculated for the Cadoux earthquake were found to be incorrect due to an excel error, where the incorrect data cells were referenced in a function calculating net-slip. This changes the net-slip values published in the Supplementary information, the average net-slip value for Cadoux in Table 1 (see above), the net-slip values in Figure 5d, and the net-slip and derivative values in Tables 6, 9 and 10.
These errors were identified while working on a subsequent publication [3], which builds on the results in this paper [1]. The Cadoux net-slip values were corrected prior to the analyses in [3] and the results in that paper are unaffected by the corrections outlined here.
The authors apologize for any inconvenience this has caused for the readers. The changes do not affect the scientific results of this paper [1] or of the subsequent work [3]. The manuscript will be updated, and the original version will remain online on the article web page, with a reference to this correction.
The updated Figure 5d graph is:
Figure 5. 1979 Mw 6.1 Cadoux earthquake (a) rupture scarps and fracturing involved in the Cadoux rupture with named faults [41], focal mechanisms from (i) Denham et al., 1987 (ii) Fredrich et al., 1988 (iii) Everingham and Smith (unpublished, Lewis et al., 1981) (iv) CMT (b) available dip measurements, black where directly measured and grey were calculated based on available displacement measurements [41] (c) published epicenter locations (d) graph along-rupture of vertical and lateral displacement measurements and calculated net slip [41] and net slip calculated from available data averaged over 0.5 km increments (this study).
Figure 5. 1979 Mw 6.1 Cadoux earthquake (a) rupture scarps and fracturing involved in the Cadoux rupture with named faults [41], focal mechanisms from (i) Denham et al., 1987 (ii) Fredrich et al., 1988 (iii) Everingham and Smith (unpublished, Lewis et al., 1981) (iv) CMT (b) available dip measurements, black where directly measured and grey were calculated based on available displacement measurements [41] (c) published epicenter locations (d) graph along-rupture of vertical and lateral displacement measurements and calculated net slip [41] and net slip calculated from available data averaged over 0.5 km increments (this study).
Geosciences 12 00081 g001
The previous Figure 5d with incorrect net-slip values was:
Figure 5. 1979 Mw 6.1 Cadoux earthquake (a) rupture scarps and fracturing involved in the Cadoux rupture with named faults [41], focal mechanisms from (i) Denham et al., 1987 (ii) Fredrich et al., 1988 (iii) Everingham and Smith (unpublished, Lewis et al., 1981) (iv) CMT (b) available dip measurements, black where directly measured and grey were calculated based on available displacement measurements [41] (c) published epicenter locations (d) graph along-rupture of vertical and lateral displacement measurements and calculated net slip [41] and net slip calculated from available data averaged over 0.5 km increments (this study).
Figure 5. 1979 Mw 6.1 Cadoux earthquake (a) rupture scarps and fracturing involved in the Cadoux rupture with named faults [41], focal mechanisms from (i) Denham et al., 1987 (ii) Fredrich et al., 1988 (iii) Everingham and Smith (unpublished, Lewis et al., 1981) (iv) CMT (b) available dip measurements, black where directly measured and grey were calculated based on available displacement measurements [41] (c) published epicenter locations (d) graph along-rupture of vertical and lateral displacement measurements and calculated net slip [41] and net slip calculated from available data averaged over 0.5 km increments (this study).
Geosciences 12 00081 g002
The corrected net-slip values for the Cadoux earthquake are:
Cadoux117.1492−30.71650.06
Cadoux117.1502−30.7170.29
Cadoux117.1538−30.71860.15
Cadoux117.1549−30.71940.27
Cadoux117.1496−30.71760.29
Cadoux117.1446−30.71980.83
Cadoux117.1403−30.7220.49
Cadoux117.1342−30.72330.59
Cadoux117.1334−30.72370.44
Cadoux117.1327−30.72620.3
Cadoux117.1327−30.72791.13
Cadoux117.1332−30.73120.47
Cadoux117.1305−30.73290.71
Cadoux117.1324−30.7350.58
Cadoux117.1395−30.73870.24
Cadoux117.1373−30.74640.32
Cadoux117.1392−30.75910
Cadoux117.1524−30.75030.2
Cadoux117.1524−30.75340.02
Cadoux117.1392−30.75910.29
Cadoux117.1445−30.76140.52
Cadoux117.1464−30.76380.59
Cadoux117.1454−30.76770.44
Cadoux117.1447−30.76971.62
Cadoux117.1464−30.77040.2
Cadoux117.1511−30.7730.33
Cadoux117.1468−30.77560.3
Cadoux117.144−30.78781.08
Cadoux117.1415−30.79040.58
Cadoux117.1398−30.79430.9
Cadoux117.1423−30.79680.42
Cadoux117.1372−30.80771.79
Cadoux117.1279−30.82390.54
Cadoux117.124−30.8290.1
The corrected Table 6 is:
Corrections: Cadoux “Avg. net slip” (0.54 to 0.45) and “% Diff”. (70% to 75%)
Table 6. Summary of surface measurements for each rupture.
Table 6. Summary of surface measurements for each rupture.
RuptureRefs.Method 3Shape 4PublishedSimplified Faults 1Preferred:Displacement 2 (m)Disp. Profile Shape 6
Length (km)Kin.Dip RangeN=Sum Length (km)% Diff. Publ.Length (km)DipMax Vert. Disp.Avg. Vert. Disp. 5% Diff.Max Net SlipAvg. Net Slip 5% Diff
Meckering[25]FW; A; SBCC37R(D)15–54°444.4+20%40 ± 535° ± 101.980.9751%3.71.7852%S. Tg.
(Splinter)[25] 9R24–42°30.670.2267%1.340.4467%AS. Tg.
Calingiri[25]FWS3.3R(S)12–31°13.30%3.3 ± 0.220° ± 100.380.1561%1.260.4663%AS. Tg.
Cadoux[41]FW; A; SBCC/S14R20–80°620.6+47%20 ± 560° ± 301.40.3575%1.790.4575%AS. Tg.
Marryat Creek[48]FW; A; SCCC13R36–60°313.6+4%13 ± 140° ± 100.90.2177%1.070.3171%Avg.
Kunayungku[63]FW; A; SCS10.2R58°18.6−15%9 ± 140° ± 50.90.3660%1.410.5561%S. Tg
Lake Surprise west[63]FW; A; SCCC6.7R65–84°110.1+51%9 ± 260° ± 101.130.4560%2.260.8463%AS. Sine
(LS west foot-wall)[63] 3.1R 10.740.4342%1.160.922%Avg.
Lake Surprise east[63]FW; A; SCCC16R28–30°215.3−4%16 ± 0.535 ° ± 51.80.6166%3.61.2366%Avg
Katanning (visible) 7[70,71] S0.3R 10.30%0.5 ± 0.540° ± 50.1
Katanning (InSAR)[70]In. 2.58 12.2−12%0.280.150%0.32 *0.2 *38%AS. Tg.
Pukatja[9]FWCC1.6R22–28°11.0−60%1.3 ± 0.330° ± 100.480.1275%0.960.2574%AS. Sine
Petermann (visible)[73,77]FW; SC; In; D; SICV20R25–36°321+5%21 ± 0.530° ± 50.960.2 1.920.4278%Avg.
Petermann (InSAR)[73]In. 21 221.5+2%
1 Where mapped primary rupture has a gap/step > 1 km and/or change in strike > 20° across a length > 1 km (except where InSAR is available to validate rupture continuing along strike across gaps > 1 km). Lengths of individual faults available in EarthArXiv reports [120,121,122,123,124,125,126]. 2 Vertical and lateral displacements digitized from original publications. Net slip calculated for this study. 3 Original mapping method: Field work (FW); aerial photographs (A); surveying (levelling, cadastral or GPS) basic (SB), comprehensive (SC); InSAR (In); Drone (D); Satellite (SI). 4 Concave (CC) relative to hanging-wall, convex (CV) relative to hanging-wall, straight (minor deviations but overall straight shape). 5 Length weighted average across 0.5 km increments (where rupture length > 5 km) or 0.1 km increments (where rupture length < 5 km). 6 Profile shape based on Wesnousky (2008) [7] from visual fit (e.g., not best-fit regression curves): symmetrical (S); asymmetrical (AS); triangle (Tg); sine; average line (Avg). 7 Katanning visible surface rupture was observed, but no field mapping was conducted [70,71]. Original and subsequent publications describe Katanning length based on best-fit InSAR-derived source parameters (1.26 km) [70], rather than length of InSAR trace (2.5 km). Offset comes from field estimates (0.1 m) and fault modelling from InSAR data [70].
The corrected Table 9 is:
Correction: Cadoux “Avg. Net-slip (m)” (0.54 to 0.45 m) and “Maximum slip rate (m/Myr)” “min.” (0.6 to 0.7 m/Myr), “max.” (10.6 to 12.7 m/Myr), “mean” (5.6 to 6.7 m/Myr)
Table 9. Maximum slip rates based on minimum and maximum bedrock erosion rates [109,138] and length-weighted average net-slip values (Table 6).
Table 9. Maximum slip rates based on minimum and maximum bedrock erosion rates [109,138] and length-weighted average net-slip values (Table 6).
NameRate Applied *MwPref. Length (km)Avg. Net-Slip (m)Maximum Slip Rate (m/Myr)
Min.Max.Mean
MeckeringCB6.5940 ± 51.780.23.21.7
CalingiriCB5.033.3 ± 0.20.460.712.46.6
CadouxCB6.120 ± 50.450.712.76.7
Marryat CreekCB5.713 ± 10.31118.49.7
KunayungkuQ6.279 ± 10.559.118.213.7
Lake Surprise westQ6.449 ± 20.84611.98.9
Lake Surprise east *Q6.5816 ± 0.51.234.18.16.1
Katanning (InSAR)CB4.70.5 ± 0.50.21.528.515
PukatjaCB5.181.3 ± 0.30.251.222.812
PetermannCB6.121 ± 0.50.420.713.67.2
* Erosion rate for crystalline basement (CB) [138]; erosion rate for quartzite (Q) [109].
The corrected Table 10 is:
Correction: Cadoux “Avg net slip” (0.54 to 0.45 m) and “% diff” (−503.7% to −624.4%)
Table 10. Comparisons between calculated magnitude, area and displacement from previous length scaling relationship [148] using surface rupture length from [148] and length from this paper.
Table 10. Comparisons between calculated magnitude, area and displacement from previous length scaling relationship [148] using surface rupture length from [148] and length from this paper.
NameLeonard 2014 [148]Calculated [148]This PaperCalculated (This Paper)Percent Difference CalculatedAvg. Net Slip 5% Diff 6Mw [11]% Diff 6
SRL 1 (km)SourceMw 2A 3 (km2)D 4 (m)L (km)Mw 2A 3 (km2)D 4 (m)MwA (km2)D (m)
Meckering37[160]6.9355465.44406.9963165.80.9%12.2%6.3%1.78−225.8%6.59−6.1%
Calingiri3.3[160]5.18990.733.35.18990.730.0%0.0%0.5%0.46−58.7%5.03−3.0%
Cadoux14[160]6.2310982.42206.4919893.264.0%44.8%25.8%0.45−624.4%6.1−6.4%
Marryat Creek13[160]6.189702.27136.189702.270.0%0.0%−0.2%0.31−632.3%5.7−8.4%
Kunayungku10.2[160]66481.8695.915261.67−1.5%−23.2%−11.3%0.55−203.6%6.275.7%
Lake Surprise west6.7[160]5.73211.3195.915261.673.6%39.0%21.7%0.84−98.8%6.448.2%
Lake Surprise east *16[160]6.3313722.70166.3313722.70.0%0.0%−0.1%1.23−119.5%6.583.8%
Katanning (InSAR)1.26[70]4.49200.330.53.8240.15−17.5%−400.0%−117.6%0.225.0%4.718.7%
Pukatja1.6[9]4.66300.401.34.51210.33−3.3%−42.9%−21.2%0.25−32.0%5.1812.9%
1 Surface rupture length. 2 [148]: Mw = a + b*log(L). 3 [148]: A = C1L1+β. 4 [148]: D = C2A1/2. 5 Average net slip calculated in this paper (Table 6). 6 Percent difference between calculated average displacement and Mw using length of this paper [148], and average net slip calculated in Table 6, and Mw of [11].

References

  1. King, T.R.; Quigley, M.; Clark, D. Surface-rupturing historical earthquakes in Australia and their environmental effects: New insights from re-analyses of observational data. Geosciences 2019, 9, 408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  2. Clark, D.; Brennand, S.; Brenn, G.; Garthwaite, M.C.; Dimech, J.; Allen, T.I.; Standen, S. Surface deformation relating to the 2018 Lake Muir earthquake sequence, southwest Western Australia: New insight into stable continental region earthquakes. Solid Earth 2020, 11, 691–717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Haibin, Y.; Quigley, M.; King, T.R. Surface slip distributions and geometric complexity of intraplate reverse-faulting earthquakes. GSA Bull. 2021, 133, 1909–1929. [Google Scholar]
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King, T.R.; Quigley, M.; Clark, D. Correction: King et al. Surface-Rupturing Historical Earthquakes in Australia and Their Environmental Effects: New Insights from Re-Analyses of Observational Data. Geosciences 2019, 9, 408. Geosciences 2022, 12, 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020081

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King TR, Quigley M, Clark D. Correction: King et al. Surface-Rupturing Historical Earthquakes in Australia and Their Environmental Effects: New Insights from Re-Analyses of Observational Data. Geosciences 2019, 9, 408. Geosciences. 2022; 12(2):81. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020081

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King, Tamarah R., Mark Quigley, and Dan Clark. 2022. "Correction: King et al. Surface-Rupturing Historical Earthquakes in Australia and Their Environmental Effects: New Insights from Re-Analyses of Observational Data. Geosciences 2019, 9, 408" Geosciences 12, no. 2: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020081

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