Extracellular Vesicles’ Role in Angiogenesis and Altering Angiogenic Signaling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Extracellular Vesicles
2.1. Definition and Classification
2.2. Exosomes
2.2.1. Definition, Size, and Origin
2.2.2. Composition/Contents
2.2.3. Biological Function
2.3. Microvesicles
2.3.1. Definition, Size, and Biogenesis/Formation
2.3.2. Composition and Contents
2.3.3. Biological Function
2.4. Apoptotic Bodies
2.4.1. Definition, Size, and Biogenesis
2.4.2. Composition and Contents
2.4.3. Biological Function
3. Angiogenesis
3.1. Definition and Types
3.2. Stages of Each Type
3.3. Mechanisms Involved in Angiogenesis
3.4. Key Mediators of Angiogenesis
4. Role of EVs in Angiogenesis
4.1. Main Sources of EVs
4.2. Evidence of EV Involvement in Angiogenesis
4.3. Modulation of Angiogenic Signaling Pathways by EVs
4.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of EV-Mediated Angiogenesis
5. Clinical Application
5.1. Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications of EVs in Angiogenesis-Related Diseases
5.2. Therapeutic Applications of EVs in Modulating Angiogenesis
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Origin | Size | Contents | Characteristics | Biological Function | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exosomes | Endosomal pathway, released from Multivesicular Bodies (MVBs) | 30–150 nm | miRNAs, mRNAs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids | Small, stable and enriched in tetraspanins (CD63, CD9, CD81) | Cell- cell communication, immune modulation, transfer of genetic material & contribute to disease progression |
Microvesicles | Plasma Membrane Budding | 100 nm–1 μm | Proteins, Lipids, miRNAs, mRNAs | Heterogenous is size and content | Intercellular communication, inflammation, transmission of signals and immune response |
Apoptotic bodies | Apoptotic cell fragmentation | 500 nm–2 μm | Cellular debris, nuclear fragments, organelles, cytoplasmic components | Large and irregular in shape | Clearance of dying cells, prevent inflammation and immune regulation |
microRNA/lncRNA | Impact on Angiogenesis | Reference |
---|---|---|
Let-7 | Regulate sprout formation Increases EC-mediated angiogenesis | [26] |
miR-10 | Enhance the ability of EC- mediated angiogenesis by suppressing anti-angiogenic genes. | [27] |
miR-17-92 | Facilitates cell proliferation and angiogenesis via PI3K/AKT pathway | [28] |
miR-221/222 | Suppress EC migration, tube formation and proliferation. Decreases EC-mediated angiogenesis | [29,30] |
miR-31 | Stimulate growth, migration and EC mediated angiogenesis. | [31] |
miR-125 | Stimulate angiogenesis by inhibiting DLL-4 | [32] |
miR-126 | Enhance EC- mediated angiogenesis. Sustain vascular development, regeneration, and stability. | [33,34] |
miR-214 | Regulates angiogenesis | [35] |
MALAT1 | Stimulate angiogenesis | [36] |
MANTIS | Induces angiogenesis | [37] |
MEG3 | Decrease proliferation and angiogenesis | [38] |
WTAPP1 | Mediate cell migration and angiogenesis | [39] |
Trial Title | Phase | Status | Principle Therapy | Primary Endpoints | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antiplatelet therapy effect on extracellular vesicles in acute myocardial infarction | Phase 4 | Completed | Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel | Basic science | P2Y12 antagonist ticagrelor reduces release of proinflammatory and procoagulant PEVs [119] |
Effect of plasma-derived exosomes on cutaneous wound healing | Early phase 1 | Unknown status | Plasma derived exosomes | Treatment | Not reported |
Treatment of nonischemic cardiomyopathies by intravenous extracellular vesicles of cardiovascular progenitor cells (SECRET-HF) | Phase 1 | Recruiting | Extracellular vesicle-enriched secretome of cardiovascular progenitor cells | Treatment | Not reported |
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Ateeq, M.; Broadwin, M.; Sellke, F.W.; Abid, M.R. Extracellular Vesicles’ Role in Angiogenesis and Altering Angiogenic Signaling. Med. Sci. 2024, 12, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12010004
Ateeq M, Broadwin M, Sellke FW, Abid MR. Extracellular Vesicles’ Role in Angiogenesis and Altering Angiogenic Signaling. Medical Sciences. 2024; 12(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleAteeq, Maryam, Mark Broadwin, Frank W. Sellke, and M. Ruhul Abid. 2024. "Extracellular Vesicles’ Role in Angiogenesis and Altering Angiogenic Signaling" Medical Sciences 12, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12010004