The Effect of Fines Content on Compressional Behavior When Using Sand–Kaolinite Mixtures as Embankment Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Test Materials and Program
2.1. Index Properties of Mixtures
2.2. Compaction Test
2.3. Oedometer Test
2.4. Scanning Electron Microscope Image
3. Test Results and Discussion
3.1. Compaction Test Results
3.2. Void Ratio
3.3. Behavioral Analysis
3.3.1. Transition Fines Content
3.3.2. Behavioral Threshold Analysis
3.3.3. Compression Behavior
3.3.4. Particle Shape Analysis
3.3.5. Behavioral Variation
4. Summary and Conclusions
- An increase in fines content caused an increase in both void ratio and compression index. However, settlement-related properties such as e, Cc, and Cc-s decreased or showed the smallest values. Maximum dry density of 15% and 20% of fines content was also the greatest.
- Presence of fine materials at a certain amount, 15% and 20% of kaolinite in this study, played a role in helping ensure better compaction. Therefore, appropriate fines content of embankment materials resulted in less deformation.
- With the mixture of 10% KC, the smooth surface of a sand particle under kaolinite particles can be seen in the SEM images. However, in the mixture with up to 25% kaolinite content, the kaolinite particles were found to take over the sand grains. Moreover, the kaolinite particles were overlapped, creating large flat surfaces with the fines content higher than 30%, and inducing the claylike behavior of mixtures.
- Transition fines content of sand–kaolinite mixture was about 21% to 26%. Different types of behavior were identified: a transition zone (21% ≤ fc ≤ 26%), which was a behavioral change point of the mixture; sand-like behavior (fc < 15%), which was when the mixture behaved like sand; clay-like behavior (fc ≥ 30%), which was when the mixture behaved like clay, and an optimum fines content (15% ≤ fc ≤ 20%) which induced a low compression index.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | KC (%) | Gs | fc (%) | LL | PL | PI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10% KC | 10 | 2.608 | 10.38 | 11.30 | 0.00 | 11.30 |
15% KC | 15 | 2.611 | 15.90 | 14.96 | 5.00 | 9.96 |
20% KC | 20 | 2.615 | 20.41 | 16.60 | 7.20 | 9.40 |
25% KC | 25 | 2.619 | 26.33 | 17.50 | 8.81 | 8.69 |
30% KC | 30 | 2.632 | 31.81 | 18.60 | 9.66 | 8.94 |
40% KC | 40 | 2.640 | 41.31 | 21.50 | 17.57 | 3.93 |
50% KC | 60 | 2.655 | 60.49 | 25.70 | 21.48 | 4.22 |
60% KC | 70 | 2.659 | 71.95 | 26.20 | 22.52 | 3.68 |
Effective Stress (kPa) | TFC (%) |
---|---|
24.52 | 21 |
49.03 | 22 |
98.07 | 23 |
196.13 | 24 |
392.27 | 25 |
784.53 | 26 |
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Kaothon, P.; Lee, S.-H.; Choi, Y.-T.; Yune, C.-Y. The Effect of Fines Content on Compressional Behavior When Using Sand–Kaolinite Mixtures as Embankment Materials. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 6050. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126050
Kaothon P, Lee S-H, Choi Y-T, Yune C-Y. The Effect of Fines Content on Compressional Behavior When Using Sand–Kaolinite Mixtures as Embankment Materials. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(12):6050. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126050
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaothon, Panyabot, Su-Hyung Lee, Yeong-Tae Choi, and Chan-Young Yune. 2022. "The Effect of Fines Content on Compressional Behavior When Using Sand–Kaolinite Mixtures as Embankment Materials" Applied Sciences 12, no. 12: 6050. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126050