Tannin Extraction from Chestnut Wood Waste: From Lab Scale to Semi-Industrial Plant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Chestnut Wood Matrix
2.3. Microwave-Assisted Subcritical Water Extraction (MASWE)
2.4. Semi-Industrial-Scale Subcritical Water Extraction (SI-SWE)
2.5. Membrane Filtration
2.6. Spray Drying
2.7. Colorimetric Assays
2.7.1. Total Polyphenol Content (TPC)—Folin–Ciocalteau Assay
2.7.2. Tannin Determination
2.7.3. Antioxidant Activity
DPPH Assay
ABTS Assay
2.8. LC-MS-DAD Characterization
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. MASWE
Sequential Extraction Screening
3.2. Antioxidant Activity, DPPH, and ABTS Assays
3.3. Tannin Analyses
3.3.1. Tannins Precipitation—Cinchonine Hemisulfate Assay
3.3.2. Tannins—Formaldehyde and HCl Assay
3.4. Lab-Scale Downstream—Membrane Filtration
3.5. Semi-Industrial-Scale Subcritical Water Extraction (SI-SWE)
3.6. Semi-Industrial Downstream
3.6.1. Membrane Filtration
3.6.2. Spray Drying
3.7. LC-MS-DAD Characterization
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Tannins: Precipitation and Hydrolysable/Condensed Discrimination
Appendix A.2. LC-MS-DAD Analysis of Tannin Fraction: Difference between Pre- and Post-Precipitation Samples
References
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ABTS | 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) | PNF | NF permeate |
CTs | Condensed tannins | PUF | UF permeate |
CW | Chestnut wood | RD | Diafiltration retentate |
CWC | Chestnut wood chips | RNF | NF retentate |
CWS | Chestnut wood sawdust | ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
DAD | Diode array detector | RT | Room temperature |
DM | Dry matrix | RUF | UF retentate |
DPPH | 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilidraziyl | S/L | Solid/Liquid ratio |
GAE | Gallic acid equivalents | SI-SWE | Semi-industrial SWE |
HTs | Hydrolysable tannins | SWE | Subcritical water extraction |
IC50 | Half-maximal inhibitory concentration | TPC | Total polyphenol content |
MASWE | Microwave-assisted subcritical water extraction | UF | Ultrafiltration |
NF | Nanofiltration | US | Ultrasound |
T (°C) | t (min) | Yield (%) | TPC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Selectivity (mg GAE/gext) | Yield (mg GAE/gDM) | |||
120 | 5 | 12.15 | 646.36 ± 10.45 | 78.53 ± 1.27 |
150 | 15 | 5.48 | 242.77 ± 5.72 | 13.30 ± 0.31 |
T (°C) | t (min) | Yield (%) | TPC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Selectivity (mg GAE/gext) | Yield (mg GAE/gDM) | |||
RT | 120 | 3.25 | 266.16 ± 24.43 | 8.65 ± 0.79 |
120 | 5 | 6.52 | 713.35 ± 2.30 | 46.51 ± 0.15 |
150 | 15 | 5.82 | 288.13 ± 3.57 | 16.77 ± 0.21 |
T (°C) | t (min) | Yield (%) | TPC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Selectivity (mg GAE/gext) | Yield (mg GAE/gDM) | |||
100 | 5 | 11.83 | 723.93 ± 27.27 | 85.64 ± 3.23 |
120 | 5 | 2.64 | 653.89 ± 3.62 | 17.26 ± 0.10 |
150 | 15 | 5.43 | 226.26 ± 3.95 | 12.29 ± 0.21 |
T (°C) | t (min) | Yield (%) | TPC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Selectivity (mg GAE/gext) | Yield (mg GAE/gDM) | |||
100 | 10 | 14.50 | 802.84 ± 20.52 | 116.37 ± 2.97 |
150 | 15 | 5.47 | 350.74 ± 1.04 | 22.87 ± 0.07 |
Sample | IC50 (μg/mL) | Trolox Eq. (mmol/gext) | ABTS/DPPH· Ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH· | ABTS· | DPPH· | ABTS· | ||
100 °C | 1.4 | 2.4 | 21.7 | 13.2 | 0.61 |
150 °C | 4.7 | 7.3 | 6.5 | 4.3 | 0.67 |
● Hydrolysable Tannins | ● Condensed Tannins | ● Monomeric Polyphenols |
---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | Time (min) | Yield (%) | TPC Selectivity (mgGAE/gext) | TPC Yield (mgGAE/gDM) |
---|---|---|---|---|
120 | 5 | 2.89 | 516.33 ± 9.65 | 14.92 ± 0.28 |
150 | 15 | 3.47 | 666.94 ± 18.12 | 23.12 ± 0.63 |
Global Process | 6.26 | - | 37.36 |
Temperature (°C) | Time (min) | Yield (%) | TPC Selectivity (mgGAE/gext) | TPC Yield (mgGAE/gDM) |
---|---|---|---|---|
100 | 60 | 3.84 | 678.10 ± 6.63 | 26.04 ± 0.25 |
120 | 30 | 6.21 | 714.13 ± 13.93 | 44.36 ± 0.87 |
150 | 30 | 4.64 | 651.98 ± 5.29 | 30.23 ± 0.24 |
Global Process | 13.99 | - | 95.96 |
Temperature (°C) | Time (min) | Tannins | Polyphenols (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (%) | Hydrolysable (%) | Condensed (%) | |||
100 | 60 | 83.96 | 9.34 | 74.62 | 16.04 |
120 | 30 | 77.65 | 8.34 | 69.31 | 22.35 |
150 | 30 | 75.34 | 7.12 | 68.22 | 24.66 |
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Aimone, C.; Grillo, G.; Boffa, L.; Giovando, S.; Cravotto, G. Tannin Extraction from Chestnut Wood Waste: From Lab Scale to Semi-Industrial Plant. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 2494. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042494
Aimone C, Grillo G, Boffa L, Giovando S, Cravotto G. Tannin Extraction from Chestnut Wood Waste: From Lab Scale to Semi-Industrial Plant. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(4):2494. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042494
Chicago/Turabian StyleAimone, Clelia, Giorgio Grillo, Luisa Boffa, Samuele Giovando, and Giancarlo Cravotto. 2023. "Tannin Extraction from Chestnut Wood Waste: From Lab Scale to Semi-Industrial Plant" Applied Sciences 13, no. 4: 2494. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042494