An Approach to Supporting the Selection of Maintenance Experts in the Context of Industry 4.0
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Supporting the Selection of Expert Maintenance Workers in the Context of Industry 4.0
- Integrating, with the data already collected, details from the information system implemented, of the time spent by each worker in repairing each type of failure in each manufacturing resource.
- Providing formal procedures for describing the competence of each maintenance worker.
- Defining the best natural state—meaning indicating those workers, the selection of whom will guarantee the maximum availability of the manufacturing resource.
- Assisting in the selection of maintenance expert.
3. An Approach to Selecting a Maintenance Expert
- Selection of subsystem: maintenance competence management.
- Identification of component: defining the types of failure for each manufacturing resource and each competence, which has a considerable influence on reliability (stages 1‒3, Figure 1).
- Analysis: defining the importance of each competence for the repair of each type of failure (stage 4, Figure 1).
- Optimal maintenance strategy selection: defining the “state of nature” and the implementation of maintenance expert selection map (stages 5‒6, Figure 1).
- Analysis: the selection of this employee to repair a given resource, who guarantees an increase in the reliability level of a given manufacturing resource.
- F1—failure of the control system.
- F2—failure of the power system.
- F3—failure of the cooling system.
- F4—failure of the hydraulic system.
- F5—failure of the material transfer system.
- P1—time for diagnosing and finding the solution.
- P2—maintenance operation time.
- P3—time for testing.
- C1—Hard skills.
- C2—Knowledge-based.
- C3—Methodical.
- C4—Soft Skills.
- C5—Experience.
- C1—equally important, or moderately more important, or of greater importance, or of the most importance, compared with C2 or with C3 or with C4 or with C5.
- C2—equally important, or moderately more important, or of greater importance, or of the most importance, compared with C1 or with C3 or with C4 or with C5.
- C3—equally important, or moderately more important, or of greater importance, or of the most importance, compared with C1 or with C2 or with C4 or with C5.
- C4—equally important, or moderately more important, or of greater importance, or of the most importance, compared with C1 or with C2 or with C3 or with C5.
- C5—equally important, or moderately more important, or of greater importance, or of the most importance, when compared with C1 or with C2 or with C3 or with C4.
- for each
- , where iϵN and, s={1,2,3} means the average time of the all-time measurements.
4. A Model for Supporting the Selection of Maintenance Experts
- The importance of C1: w1 = 0.4014.
- The importance of C2: w2 = 0.3429.
- The importance of C3: w3 = 0.1060.
- The importance of C4: w4 = 0.0904.
- The importance of C5: w5 = 0.0593.
- for NRiWtϵ(1.2;1.66> very strongly recommended for the repair of a given resource
- for NRiWtϵ(0.8.;1.2> strongly recommended for the repair of a given resource
- for NRiWtϵ(0.5;0.8> recommended for the repair of a given resource
- for NRiWtϵ(0.27;0.5> weakly recommended for the repair of a given resource
- for NRiWtϵ<0;0.27> not recommended for the repair of a given resource
5. Discussion
- Selecting a maintenance expert, from among available employees, to repair a given resource.
- Selecting the scope of employee training, in order to improve the competences of employees in relation to the effective repair of resources, by shortening the elimination time of failures and by reducing the downtime of failures.
- Defining a motivating system for all maintenance workers based on the value of natural states.
6. Conclusions
- Describing the competence of workers.
- Delecting workers according to competence for repairing a given manufacturing resource.
- Determining the scope of employee training.
- Economic and environmental—the proposed approach allows for managers to assign a particular worker to repair a given resource; selecting this worker will guarantee the maximum availability of the manufacturing resource. The right assignment of highly-qualified maintenance staff to repair a resource results in lower downtime costs, lower additional costs due to defective products, and a reduction in the risk of the possibility of total damage and of the risk of loss of warranty.
- Social—the proposed approach allows not only for the core competences to be determined, but also the need for new competences and the demand for training programmes for low-qualified maintenance department workers. By using the proposed approach, the manager may decide to assign a given employee to a place of work that is more appropriate to his or her qualifications, which will ultimately translate into the achievement of better working conditions.
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Manufacturing Resources/Type of Failure | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 |
R2 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 |
R3 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 |
… | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 |
Ri, iϵN | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 | 1˅ 0 |
Parameters of Each Type of Failure | Description | Rules for Determining the Value of Parameters |
---|---|---|
P1 – time for diagnose and finding solution | P1 ϵ <10;30> [min] | if P1 ϵ <10;15) [min] then P1 = 1point if P1 ϵ <15;20) [min] then P1 = 2points if P1 ϵ <20;25) [min] then P1 = 3points if P1 ϵ <25;28) [min] then P1 = 4points if P1 ϵ <28;30> [min] then P1 = 5points |
P2 – maintenance operation time | P2 ϵ <30;210> [min] | if P2 ϵ <30;50) [min] then P2 = 1point if P2 ϵ <50;90) [min] then P2 = 2points if P2 ϵ <90;120) [min] then P2 = 3points if P2 ϵ <120;180) [min] then P2 = 4points if P2 ϵ <180;210> [min] then P2 = 5points |
P3 – time for testing | P3 ϵ <20;30> [min] | if P3 ϵ <20;23) [min] then P3 = 1point if P3 ϵ <23;25) [min] then P3 = 2points if P3 ϵ <25;26) [min] then P3 = 3points. if P3 ϵ <26;28) [min] then P3 = 4points if P3 ϵ <28;30> [min] then P3 = 5points |
Competence | Description | Rules for Determining the Value of Competence |
---|---|---|
Hard skills (C1) [34] | Completed engineering studies, references, certificate, certificate for the completion of specialised training in the handling of resources: Ri, where iϵN, | If a worker has no references, or has not completed engineering studies and possesses neither a certificate nor a certificate for the completion of specialised training, then C1 = 0points. If a worker has references, but has not completed engineering studies, has no certificate and has no certificate for the completion of specialised training, then C1 = 1point. If a worker has completed studies but has neither references, nor a certificate nor a certificate for the completion of specialised training, then C1 = 2points If the worker has completed engineering studies and has references but has neither a certificate nor a certificate for the completion of specialised training, then C1 = 3points. If the worker has completed engineering studies, has references and also has a certificate but has no certificate, for the completion of specialised training, then C1 = 4points. If the worker has a certificate for the completion of specialised training, then C1 = 5points. |
Knowledge-based (C2) [24,35] | A 15-question test about resources: R, where iϵN | If up to 7 answers are correct, then: C2 = 0points. If 7–8 answers are correct, then C2 = 1point. If 9 answers are correct, then C2 = 2points. If 10–11 answers are correct, then C2 = 3points. If 12–13 answers are correct, then C2 = 4points. If 14–15 answers are correct, then C2 = 5points. |
Methodical (C3) [35,36] | A 15-question test about comparing and classifying information and the use of available resource: Ri, whereiϵN | If up to 7 answers are correct, then: C3 = 0points. If 7–8 answers are correct, then C3 = 1point. If 9 answers are correct, then C3 = 2points. If 10–11 answers are correct, then C3 = 3points. If 12–13 answers are correct, then C3 = 4points. If 14–15 answers are correct, then C3 = 5points. |
Soft Skills (C4) [4,34] | A 15-question test about the ability to organise work, the ability to work in a team, communication skills and the ability to undertake task-oriented work and working under pressure | If up to 7 answers are correct, then: C4 = 0points. If 7–8 answers are correct, then C4 = 1point. If 9 answers are correct, then C4 = 2points. If 10–11 answers are correct, then C4 = 3points. If 12–13 answers are correct, then C4 = 4points. If 14–15 answers are correct, then C4 = 5points. |
Experience (C5) [24] | Number of years in the current company (L) Number of years, generally, in the profession (Z) | If L ≤ 3 years and Z ≤ 3 years, then: C5=0points. If L ≤ 3 years and 3<Z≤ 5 years, then C5=1point. If 3<Z≤ 5 years and 5<Z≤ 8 years, then C5=2points. If 5<Z≤ 8 years and 8<Z≤ 10 years, then C5=3points. If 8<Z≤ 10 years and Z>10 years, then C5=4points. If Z>10 years and Z>10 years, then C5=5points. |
Workers/“State of Nature” | NR1 | NR2 | … | NRi iϵN |
---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | NR1W1ϵ<0;1.66> | NR2W1ϵ<0;1.66> | … | NRiW1ϵ<0;1.66> |
… | … | … | … | … |
Wt, tϵN | NR1Wtϵ<0;1.66> | NR2Wtϵ<0;1.66> | … | NRiWtϵ<0;1.66> |
Manufacturing Resources/Type of Failure | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
R2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
R3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
R4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
R5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
R6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
R8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
R9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
R10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
R11 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
R12 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
R13 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
R14 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
R15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
R17 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
R18 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
F1 – Failure of Control System | F11 | F12 | F13 | F14 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | P2 | P3 | P1 | P2 | P3 | P1 | P2 | P3 | P1 | P2 | P3 | |
R1 | 13 | 56 | 21 | 26 | 183 | 25 | 18 | 203 | 23 | 30 | 122 | 26 |
R2 | 15 | 104 | 22 | 11 | 71 | 20 | 23 | 102 | 24 | 18 | 145 | 25 |
R3 | 20 | 51 | 23 | 14 | 107 | 28 | 10 | 60 | 21 | 26 | 66 | 29 |
R4 | 15 | 182 | 24 | 27 | 100 | 30 | 24 | 117 | 28 | 20 | 45 | 24 |
R5 | 29 | 106 | 30 | 18 | 174 | 24 | 30 | 208 | 27 | 22 | 196 | 28 |
R6 | 18 | 102 | 23 | 20 | 150 | 22 | 26 | 76 | 20 | 20 | 149 | 20 |
R7 | 26 | 65 | 22 | 23 | 203 | 20 | 27 | 209 | 30 | 14 | 41 | 30 |
R8 | 13 | 203 | 25 | 17 | 51 | 22 | 29 | 116 | 28 | 17 | 107 | 29 |
R9 | 21 | 169 | 20 | 27 | 55 | 20 | 13 | 187 | 25 | 24 | 114 | 27 |
R10 | 19 | 202 | 24 | 25 | 139 | 26 | 27 | 166 | 24 | 20 | 81 | 23 |
R11 | 15 | 195 | 20 | 28 | 163 | 23 | 22 | 152 | 20 | 11 | 157 | 21 |
R12 | 29 | 53 | 22 | 19 | 159 | 25 | 29 | 163 | 21 | 15 | 188 | 21 |
R13 | 28 | 174 | 27 | 22 | 198 | 20 | 12 | 188 | 21 | 21 | 103 | 25 |
R14 | 14 | 158 | 27 | 25 | 61 | 22 | 14 | 132 | 23 | 29 | 188 | 26 |
R15 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 14 | 80 | 28 | 26 | 105 | 21 | 24 | 99 | 27 |
R16 | 14 | 30 | 23 | 17 | 52 | 30 | 16 | 168 | 21 | 28 | 41 | 30 |
R17 | 25 | 206 | 28 | 19 | 84 | 25 | 13 | 51 | 25 | 15 | 193 | 22 |
R18 | 11 | 106 | 23 | 17 | 50 | 26 | 17 | 91 | 28 | 27 | 115 | 27 |
Workers/the Values of Competence | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
W2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
W3 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
W4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
Competence | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | (1,1,1) | (1/3,1,1) | (3,5,7) | (3,5,7) | (3,5,7) |
C2 | (1,1,3) | (1,1,1) | (3,5,7) | (3,5,7) | (3,5,7) |
C3 | (1/7,1/5,1/3) | (1/7,1/5,1/3) | (1,1,1) | (1/5,1/3,1) | (1/5,1/3,1) |
C4 | (1/7,1/5,1/3) | (1/7,1/5,1/3) | (1,3,5) | (1,1,1) | (1/3,1,1) |
C5 | (1/7,1/5,1/3) | (1/7,1/5,1/3) | (1,3,5) | (1,1,3) | (1,1,1) |
The Importance of Competence | w1C1 | w2C2 | w3C3 | w4C4 | w5C5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | 0.8028 | 0.6858 | 0.424 | 0.0904 | 0.0593 |
W2 | 0.4014 | 0.3429 | 0.318 | 0.2712 | 0.0593 |
W3 | 0.8028 | 0.3429 | 0.53 | 0 | 0 |
W4 | 0.4014 | 0.6858 | 0.424 | 0.0904 | 0.0593 |
e Employees/ Manufacturing Resource | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 | R15 | R16 | R17 | R18 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 14 | 6 |
W2 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 8 |
W3 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 11 | 14 | 7 | 14 | 13 | 9 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 10 |
W4 | 13 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 13 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 11 |
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 | R15 | R16 | R17 | R18 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | 0.5156 | 0.343717 | 0.294614 | 0.229144 | 0.158638 | 0.294614 | 0.294614 | 0.229144 | 0.257788 | 0.229144 | 0.257788 | 0.257788 | 0.147307 | 0.20623 | 0.187482 | 0.515575 | 0.147307 | 0.343717 |
W2 | 0.116067 | 0.3482 | 0.154756 | 0.116067 | 0.1741 | 0.1741 | 0.154756 | 0.27856 | 0.198971 | 0.116067 | 0.126618 | 0.154756 | 0.154756 | 0.27856 | 0.1741 | 0.154756 | 0.198971 | 0.1741 |
W3 | 0.186189 | 0.209463 | 0.418925 | 0.152336 | 0.119693 | 0.239386 | 0.119693 | 0.1289 | 0.186189 | 0.152336 | 0.209463 | 0.16757 | 0.239386 | 0.239386 | 0.209463 | 0.239386 | 0.279283 | 0.16757 |
W4 | 0.127762 | 0.184544 | 0.150991 | 0.276817 | 0.127762 | 0.207613 | 0.237271 | 0.16609 | 0.16609 | 0.237271 | 0.276817 | 0.207613 | 0.184544 | 0.118636 | 0.16609 | 0.150991 | 0.207613 | 0.150991 |
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 | R15 | R16 | R17 | R18 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | ||||||||||||||||||
W2 | ||||||||||||||||||
W3 | ||||||||||||||||||
W4 |
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Patalas-Maliszewska, J.; Kłos, S. An Approach to Supporting the Selection of Maintenance Experts in the Context of Industry 4.0. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091848
Patalas-Maliszewska J, Kłos S. An Approach to Supporting the Selection of Maintenance Experts in the Context of Industry 4.0. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(9):1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091848
Chicago/Turabian StylePatalas-Maliszewska, Justyna, and Sławomir Kłos. 2019. "An Approach to Supporting the Selection of Maintenance Experts in the Context of Industry 4.0" Applied Sciences 9, no. 9: 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091848