Prevalence and Risk Factors of CoronaVac Side Effects: An Independent Cross-Sectional Study among Healthcare Workers in Turkey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instrument
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Ethics
2.6. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Medical Anamneses
3.3. COVID-19-Related Anamneses
3.4. Prevalence of CoronaVac Side Effects
3.5. Risk Factors of CoronaVac Side Effects
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Implications
- Further independent studies for CoronaVac effectiveness and SE are critically required to be carried out by academic institutions.
- Healthcare workers and students represent an ideal population group to take part in active surveillance studies due to their high level of health literacy and scientific interest.
- The upcoming studies of CoronaVac SE should explore the gender-based differences as well as the role of medical anamneses on SE prevalence and intensity.
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Outcome | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 524 | 67.2% |
Male | 255 | 32.7% | |
Non-binary | 1 | 0.1% | |
Age | ≤32 years old | 403 | 51.7% |
>32 years old | 377 | 48.3% | |
Profession | Physician | 250 | 32.1% |
Dentist | 295 | 37.8% | |
Pharmacist | 150 | 19.2% | |
Nurse | 43 | 5.5% | |
Midwife | 10 | 1.3% | |
Physiotherapist | 6 | 0.8% | |
Lab Worker | 25 | 3.2% | |
Dietitian | 1 | 0.1% | |
Experience | 1–5 years | 298 | 39% |
6–10 years | 142 | 18.6% | |
11–20 years | 120 | 15.7% | |
>20 years | 205 | 26.8% | |
Region (NUTS-1)* | Istanbul (TR1) | 484 | 62.1% |
West Marmara (TR2) | 64 | 8.2% | |
Aegean (TR3) | 44 | 5.6% | |
East Marmara (TR4) | 33 | 4.2% | |
West Anatolia (TR5) | 55 | 7.1% | |
Mediterranean (TR6) | 26 | 3.3% | |
Central Anatolia (TR7) | 14 | 1.8% | |
West Black Sea (TR8) | 18 | 2.3% | |
East Black Sea (TR9) | 10 | 1.3% | |
Northeast Anatolia (TRA) | 2 | 0.3% | |
Central East Anatolia (TRB) | 14 | 1.8% | |
Southeast Anatolia (TRC) | 16 | 2.1% |
Variable | Outcome | Female | Male | Total | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chronic Illness | Blood Disease | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 2 (0.3%) | 0.107 * |
Cancer | 3 (0.6%) | 2 (0.8%) | 5 (0.6%) | 0.664 * | |
Chronic Hypertension | 16 (3.1%) | 18 (7.1%) | 34 (4.4%) | 0.010 | |
Other Cardiovascular Disease | 15 (2.9%) | 6 (2.4%) | 21 (2.7%) | 0.680 | |
Dermatologic Disease | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1.000 * | |
Diabetes Mellitus | 6 (1.1%) | 5 (2%) | 11 (1.4%) | 0.353 * | |
Other Endocrine Disorders | 26 (5%) | 4 (1.6%) | 30 (3.9%) | 0.021 | |
Gastrointestinal Disorders | 7 (1.3%) | 3 (1.2%) | 10 (1.3%) | 1.000 * | |
Liver Disease | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 2 (0.3%) | 0.107 * | |
Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases | 15 (2.9%) | 1 (0.4%) | 16 (2.1%) | 0.023 | |
Ophthalmologic Disease | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1.000 * | |
Psychologic Distress | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 2 (0.3%) | 0.107 * | |
Neurologic Disease | 4 (0.8%) | 4 (1.6%) | 8 (1%) | 0.449 * | |
Rheumatic Disorders | 6 (1.1%) | 1 (0.4%) | 7 (0.9%) | 0.437 * | |
Total | 88 (16.8%) | 42 (16.5%) | 130 (16.7%) | 0.910 | |
Medical Treatment | Antiarrhythmic | 8 (1.5%) | 3 (1.2%) | 11 (1.4%) | 1.000 * |
Anti-asthmatic | 5 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (0.6%) | 0.179 * | |
Antibiotics | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.4%) | 2 (0.3%) | 0.548 * | |
Anticoagulants | 8 (1.5%) | 7 (2.7%) | 15 (1.9%) | 0.271 * | |
Antidepressants | 34 (6.5%) | 7 (2.7%) | 41 (5.3%) | 0.028 | |
Antidiabetics | 6 (1.1%) | 8 (3.1%) | 14 (1.8%) | 0.080 * | |
Antiepileptics | 1 (0.2%) | 4 (1.6%) | 5 (0.6%) | 0.042 * | |
Antihistamines | 9 (1.7%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (1.2%) | 0.035 * | |
Antihypertensive | 16 (3.1%) | 17 (6.7%) | 33 (4.2%) | 0.019 | |
Cholesterol Medications | 2 (0.4%) | 6 (2.4%) | 8 (1%) | 0.017 * | |
Oral Contraceptives | 4 (0.8%) | - | - | - | |
Gastrointestinal Medications | 4 (0.8%) | 3 (1.2%) | 7 (0.9%) | 0.689 * | |
Immunosuppressives | 6 (1.1%) | 3 (1.2%) | 9 (1.2%) | 1.000 * | |
Thyroid Hormone Supplement | 35 (6.7%) | 2 (0.8%) | 37 (4.7%) | <0.001 | |
Other Drugs | 14 (2.7%) | 4 (1.6%) | 18 (2.3%) | 0.336 | |
Total | 134 (25.6%) | 47 (18.4%) | 181 (23.2%) | 0.027 |
Variable | Outcome | Female | Male | Total | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Doses | One | 252 (48.1%) | 128 (50.2%) | 380 (48.8%) | 0.581 |
Two | 272 (51.9%) | 127 (49.8%) | 399 (51.2%) | ||
Interval | days | 28.01 ± 3.02 | 27.50 ± 3.34 | 27.85 ± 3.13 | 0.741 |
Infection | Yes | 52 (9.9%) | 24 (9.4%) | 76 (9.8%) | 0.821 |
Variable | Outcome | Female | Male | Total | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Local SE | Injection Site Pain | 245 (46.8%) | 78 (30.6%) | 323 (41.5%) | <0.001 |
Injection Site Swelling | 18 (3.4%) | 2 (0.8%) | 20 (2.6%) | 0.028 | |
Injection Site Redness | 7 (1.3%) | 4 (1.6%) | 11 (1.4%) | 0.756 * | |
Total (μ ± SD) | 0.52 ± 0.58 | 0.33 ± 0.49 | 0.45 ± 0.56 | <0.001 | |
Systemic SE | Fatigue | 145 (27.7%) | 39 (15.3%) | 184 (23.6%) | <0.001 |
Headache | 112 (21.4%) | 34 (13.3%) | 146 (18.7%) | 0.007 | |
Nausea | 31 (5.9%) | 10 (3.9%) | 41 (5.3%) | 0.242 | |
Muscle Pain | 68 (13%) | 19 (7.5%) | 87 (11.2%) | 0.022 | |
Chills | 16 (3.1%) | 4 (1.6%) | 20 (2.6%) | 0.2190 | |
Joint Pain | 38 (7.3%) | 8 (3.1%) | 46 (5.9%) | 0.022 | |
Fever | 14 (2.7%) | 9 (3.5%) | 23 (3%) | 0.507 | |
Lymphadenopathy | 5 (1%) | 2 (0.8%) | 7 (0.9%) | 1.000 * | |
Total (μ ± SD) | 0.82 ± 1.15 | 0.49 ± 0.91 | 0.71 ± 1.09 | <0.001 | |
General SE Duration | 1 day | 169 (47.9%) | 69 (53.1%) | 238 (49.3%) | 0.311 |
3 days | 131 (37.1%) | 43 (33.1%) | 174 (36%) | 0.413 | |
5 days | 16 (4.5%) | 11 (8.5%) | 27 (5.6%) | 0.096 | |
1 week | 14 (4%) | 7 (5.4%) | 21 (4.3%) | 0.498 | |
> 1 week | 21 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | 21 (4.3%) | 0.004 | |
> 1 month | 2 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.4%) | 1.000 * | |
Oral SE | Ulcers, Vesicles or Blisters (UVB) | 27 (5.2%) | 7 (2.7%) | 34 (4.4%) | 0.123 |
Bleeding or Sore Gingiva | 27 (5.2%) | 10 (3.9%) | 37 (4.7%) | 0.448 | |
Halitosis | 12 (2.3%) | 4 (1.6%) | 16 (2.1%) | 0.505 | |
Swollen or Injured Lips | 5 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (0.6%) | 0.179 * | |
Taste Disorder | 6 (1.1%) | 1 (0.4%) | 7 (0.9%) | 0.437 * | |
Tongue Tingling | 2 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1.000 * | |
White or Red Plaque (WRP) | 4 (0.8%) | 2 (0.8%) | 6 (0.8%) | 1.000 * | |
Xerostomia | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 3 (0.4%) | 1.000 * | |
Total | 67 (12.8%) | 21 (8.2%) | 88 (11.3%) | 0.060 | |
UVB-WRP Location | Gingiva | 7 (30.4%) | 1 (14.3%) | 8 (26.7%) | 0.638 * |
Labial or Buccal Mucosa | 12 (46.2%) | 5 (62.5%) | 17 (50%) | 0.688 * | |
Lips | 4 (17.4%) | 5 (71.4%) | 9 (30%) | 0.014 * | |
Palate | 3 (13%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (10%) | 1.000 * | |
Tongue | 6 (26.1%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (20%) | 0.290 * | |
Oral SE Onset | 1–3 days | 30 (44.8%) | 7 (33.3%) | 37 (42%) | 0.354 |
1st week | 14 (20.9%) | 5 (23.8%) | 19 (21.6%) | 0.768 * | |
2nd week | 7 (10.4%) | 7 (33.3%) | 14 (15.9%) | 0.035 * | |
3rd week | 10 (14.9%) | 1 (4.8%) | 11 (12.5%) | 0.448 * | |
4th week | 6 (9%) | 1 (4.8%) | 7 (8%) | 1.000 * | |
Skin-related SE | Acne | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1.000 * |
Rash | 12 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | 12 (1.5%) | 0.011 * | |
Urticaria | 5 (1%) | 1 (0.4%) | 6 (0.8%) | 0.670 * | |
Total | 17 (3.2%) | 1 (0.4%) | 18 (2.3%) | 0.013 | |
Skin-related SE Location | Face | 6 (35.3%) | 1 (50%) | 7 (36.8%) | 1.000 * |
Upper Limb | 2 (11.8%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (10.5%) | 1.000 * | |
Lower Limb | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5.3%) | 1.000 * | |
Chest or Trunk | 8 (47.1%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (42.1%) | 0.485 * | |
Back | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5.3%) | 1.000 * | |
Severe SE | Total | 4 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (0.5%) | 0.309 * |
Variable | Outcome | SEs Prevalence | SEs Intensity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | Sig. | μ ± SD | Sig. | ||
Gender | Female | 356 (67.9%) | <0.001 | 1.33 ± 1.36 | <0.001 |
Male | 131 (51.4%) | 0.82 ± 1.16 | |||
Non-binary | 0 (%) | 0 | |||
Age | ≤32 years old | 269 (66.7%) | 0.010 | 1.27 ± 1.31 | 0.007 |
>32 years old | 218 (57.8%) | 1.06 ± 1.29 | |||
≤59 years old | 476 (64%) | <0.001 | 1.19 ± 1.28 | <0.001 | |
>59 years old | 11 (30.6%) | 0.64 ± 1.59 | |||
Chronic Illness | No | 400 (61.5%) | 0.247 | 1.13 ± 1.27 | 0.135 |
Yes | 87 (66.9%) | 1.33 ± 1.46 | |||
Medical Treatment | No | 360 (60.1%) | 0.014 | 1.12 ± 1.32 | 0.013 |
Yes | 127 (70.2%) | 1.31 ± 1.26 | |||
Previous Infection | No | 431 (61.3%) | 0.050 | 1.16 ± 1.33 | 0.218 |
Yes | 56 (72.7%) | 1.21 ± 1.07 | |||
Doses | One | 234 (61.4%) | 0.566 | 1.13 ± 1.31 | 0.446 |
Two | 253 (63.4%) | 1.20 ± 1.30 |
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Riad, A.; Sağıroğlu, D.; Üstün, B.; Pokorná, A.; Klugarová, J.; Attia, S.; Klugar, M. Prevalence and Risk Factors of CoronaVac Side Effects: An Independent Cross-Sectional Study among Healthcare Workers in Turkey. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2629. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122629
Riad A, Sağıroğlu D, Üstün B, Pokorná A, Klugarová J, Attia S, Klugar M. Prevalence and Risk Factors of CoronaVac Side Effects: An Independent Cross-Sectional Study among Healthcare Workers in Turkey. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(12):2629. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122629
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiad, Abanoub, Derya Sağıroğlu, Batuhan Üstün, Andrea Pokorná, Jitka Klugarová, Sameh Attia, and Miloslav Klugar. 2021. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of CoronaVac Side Effects: An Independent Cross-Sectional Study among Healthcare Workers in Turkey" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 12: 2629. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122629