Advancing Research and Treatment: An Overview of Clinical Trials in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Infection
2.1. Nucleoside Analogues
2.2. Immunomodulators
2.3. Future Directions
2.4. Clinical Perspectives
3. Immune System Abnormalities
3.1. Inflammation
Low-Dose Naltrexone
3.2. Autoimmunity
3.2.1. Immunosuppressive Treatments
3.2.2. Immunoadsorption
3.3. Immunodeficiency
Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment
3.4. Future Directions
3.5. Clinical Perspectives
4. Cellular Metabolism Abnormalities
4.1. High-Energy Compounds and TCA Cycle Substrates
4.2. Antioxidants
4.3. Mitochondrial-Modulating Nutrients
4.4. Future Directions
4.5. Clinical Perspectives
5. Gastrointestinal Disturbances
5.1. Antibiotics
5.2. Probiotics
5.3. Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)
5.4. Future Directions
5.5. Clinical Perspectives
6. Neurological Disturbances
6.1. Antidepressants
6.2. Psychostimulants
6.3. Supplementation
6.4. Fludrocortisone
6.5. Future Directions
6.6. Clinical Perspectives
7. Neuroendocrine Disturbances
- Adreno-cortical (HPA) axis: mild hypocortisolism, lack of pulsatile stimulus leading to adrenal atrophy and a heightened negative feedback loop [222];
7.1. Treatments with Peripheral Hormones
7.2. Targeted Therapy
7.3. Future Directions
7.4. Clinical Perspectives
8. Outcome Measures Used in ME/CFS Research
8.1. Patient-Reported Outcome Measures
8.2. Objective Outcome Measures
9. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seton, K.A.; Espejo-Oltra, J.A.; Giménez-Orenga, K.; Haagmans, R.; Ramadan, D.J.; Mehlsen, J., on behalf of the European ME Research Group for Early Career Researchers (Young EMERG). Advancing Research and Treatment: An Overview of Clinical Trials in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Future Perspectives. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020325
Seton KA, Espejo-Oltra JA, Giménez-Orenga K, Haagmans R, Ramadan DJ, Mehlsen J on behalf of the European ME Research Group for Early Career Researchers (Young EMERG). Advancing Research and Treatment: An Overview of Clinical Trials in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Future Perspectives. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(2):325. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020325
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeton, Katharine A., José A. Espejo-Oltra, Karen Giménez-Orenga, Rik Haagmans, Donia J. Ramadan, and Jesper Mehlsen on behalf of the European ME Research Group for Early Career Researchers (Young EMERG). 2024. "Advancing Research and Treatment: An Overview of Clinical Trials in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Future Perspectives" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 2: 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020325