Endothelial Dysfunction in Heart Failure: What Is Its Role?
Abstract
:1. Endothelial Functions
2. Methods for Measuring Endothelial Function
2.1. Intracoronary Artery Infusions Using Acetylcholine or Other Vasoactive Substances
2.2. Flow-Mediated Vasodilation (FMD)
2.3. Peripheral Arterial Tone (PAT)
3. Endothelial Dysfunction
4. Endothelial Dysfunction and Heart Failure
5. Endothelial Dysfunction in Acute Heart Failure
6. Clinical Trials and Endothelial Function
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Methods | Advantage | Disadvantage | Uncertain |
---|---|---|---|
Quantitative Coronary Angiography ± IVUS | Most direct Gold standard of early detection of endothelial dysfunction Heavily validated | Invasive procedure with connected risks Not feasible when screening large population Expensive Skilled technicians | None |
Flow-Mediated Vasodilation (FMD) | Heavily validated Rapidity Noninvasive Easy to use Potentially feasible when screening large population | Expensive Skilled technicians | Many confounding factors due to ambience and diet (Food intake, drugs, vitamins, tobacco use...) |
Peripheral Arterial Tonometry (PAT) | Operator independent Internal control Rapidity Noninvasive Easy to use Potentially feasible when screening large population Inexpensive | Microvascular measurement Unclear physiology | Correlation with FMD not clear Validity Does not measure endothelial disfunction directly |
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Drera, A.; Rodella, L.; Brangi, E.; Riccardi, M.; Vizzardi, E. Endothelial Dysfunction in Heart Failure: What Is Its Role? J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 2534. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092534
Drera A, Rodella L, Brangi E, Riccardi M, Vizzardi E. Endothelial Dysfunction in Heart Failure: What Is Its Role? Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(9):2534. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092534
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrera, Andrea, Luca Rodella, Elisa Brangi, Mauro Riccardi, and Enrico Vizzardi. 2024. "Endothelial Dysfunction in Heart Failure: What Is Its Role?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 9: 2534. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092534