Mechanism of Speed Loss Reduction and Propulsion Efficiency Improvement of ONR Tumblehome with Active-Controlled Stern Flaps in Resonance Waves
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. CFD Method and Control Model
2.1. RANS Equations
2.2. ONR Tumblehome Ship and Control Model
2.2.1. Propulsion Model
2.2.2. Speed Control Strategy
2.2.3. Pitch and Heave Control Strategy
3. Free-Running CFD Model and Validation
3.1. Self-Propulsion of the ONRT Ship Model in Calm Water
3.2. Free-Running ONRT Ship Model in Resonance Wave
4. Effect of Active-Controlled Stern Flaps on ONRT in Resonance Waves
4.1. Computational Model with Active Stern Flaps
4.2. Research Schemes
- Effect of different P coefficients of the stern flap controller;
- Effect of different combinations of PID coefficients of the stern flap controller;
- Comparison of the fixed stern flap angle and the PID controller.
4.3. Effects of P Coefficients on the Stern Flap Controller
4.4. Effects of PID Coefficient Combination on the Stern Flap Controller
4.5. Mechanism of the Performance Improving of the Active Stern Flap and Discussions
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Dimensionless speed and motion attitudes result from different single P coefficients, and PID coefficients show that the control coefficient of P = I = 5, D = 0.05 shows comprehensive advantages, where the speed loss is reduced by 6.9% and propulsion efficiency is promoted by 1.4% compared with the original ONRT vessel without the stern flap.
- (2)
- The 10 deg fixed flap installation suppress the heave and pitch motion variations of ONRT, resulting in a resistance decrease in global effects caused by the reduction in motion amplitude. The local effects of the stern flap–propeller–stern interaction, which blocks the stern flow field, lead to the local resistance increment. The overall influence of the global and local effects brings an average speed loss reduction of 4.2% and an average propulsive efficiency improvement of 1.0%.
- (3)
- Furthermore, the stern flap controlled by the PID strategy exhibits similar average attitudes compared to the fixed flap. This indicates that the global effect of attitude on resistance is nearly the same for the two cases. Through further suppressing at the stern trim state and releasing at the bow trim state of the stern flap by the PID controller, the resistance increment of the local effect is weakened. As a result, the average speed loss decreases by an additional 2.7%, and the average propulsive efficiency improves by 0.4% compared with the ONRT vessel with a 10° fixed stern flap.
- (4)
- The present work preliminary researched the active-controlled stern flap on the navigation performance effect and mechanism on the ONRT vessel in resonance waves and relatively low Fr. However, the numerical results between different models show relatively small differences, which may be related to the ship type, considered model, and traveling condition, especially the speed. Further research on different stern appendages, higher speeds, and wave conditions could be meaningful for the promotion of navigation performance.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Grid Uncertainty | Grid Density | Grids Number | CFD | EXP | Error | rg | RG | PG | UG (%D) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Propeller revolution (RPS) | Coarse | 1.0 M | 9.55 | 8.97 | 6.47% | 1.2 | 0.727 | 0.873 | 4.06 |
Medium | 1.8 M | 9.44 | 5.24% | ||||||
Fine | 3.1 M | 9.36 | 4.35% | ||||||
Total resistance (N) | Coarse | 1.0 M | 4.72 | 4.54 | 3.96% | 1.2 | 0.714 | 0.923 | 4.59 |
Medium | 1.8 M | 4.65 | 2.42% | ||||||
Fine | 3.1 M | 4.60 | 1.32% |
Controller | Speed | Resistance (N) | Propulsion Efficiency | Motions | |||||||||
Mean u/VA | Speed Loss | Speed Loss Reduction | Mean Rx | Mean Rf | Mean RSF | Rx Reduction | Eta_P | Diff | Eta_S | Diff | Max Heave/A | Max Pitch/Ak | |
Origin | 0.811 | 0.189 | - | 6.13 | 2.73 | 0.00 | - | 0.515 | - | 0.504 | - | 0.58 | 0.50 |
Fixed | 0.819 | 0.181 | −4.2% | 6.09 | 2.72 | 0.33 | −0.7% | 0.521 | 1.1% | 0.509 | 0.9% | 0.51 | 0.45 |
PID | 0.824 | 0.176 | −6.9% | 6.07 | 2.75 | 0.38 | −0.9% | 0.522 | 1.4% | 0.511 | 1.4% | 0.51 | 0.44 |
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Zhang, L.; Du, C.; Ni, Y.; Shang, Y.; Zhang, J. Mechanism of Speed Loss Reduction and Propulsion Efficiency Improvement of ONR Tumblehome with Active-Controlled Stern Flaps in Resonance Waves. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 822. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050822
Zhang L, Du C, Ni Y, Shang Y, Zhang J. Mechanism of Speed Loss Reduction and Propulsion Efficiency Improvement of ONR Tumblehome with Active-Controlled Stern Flaps in Resonance Waves. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2024; 12(5):822. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050822
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Lei, Chuanshun Du, Yongsen Ni, Yuchen Shang, and Jianing Zhang. 2024. "Mechanism of Speed Loss Reduction and Propulsion Efficiency Improvement of ONR Tumblehome with Active-Controlled Stern Flaps in Resonance Waves" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 5: 822. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050822