Microbial Competition in Polar Soils: A Review of an Understudied but Potentially Important Control on Productivity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Microbial Diversity and Productivity
1.2. Microbial Competition in Polar Soils
Habitat | Antagonists | Function(s) affected | Proposed mechanism(s) of competition | * Special notes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro | |||||
Moss-covered and barren soil in Svalbard, Norway | Actinobacteria (Arthrobacter), Gammaproteobacteria (Pseudomonas), Firmicutes (Paenibacillus), Bacteroidetes (Flavobacterium) | Growth of individual strains | Antimicrobial production; differential growth rates | Competition varied at different incubation temperatures | [29] |
Various Antarctic soils | Antimicrobial producers: Actinobacteria (Arthrobacter), Firmicutes (Planococcus), Gammaproteobacteria (Pseudomonas); Affected: Firmicutes (Listeria, Staphylococcus, Brocothrix), Gammaproteobacteria (Salmonella, Escherichia, Pseudomonas) | Growth of individual strains | Antimicrobial production | Producers were Antarctic bacteria, while affected bacteria were food-borne pathogens | [11] |
King George Island, Antarctica | Antimicrobial producers:Bacteroidetes (Pedobacter), Gammaproteobacteria (Pseudomonas); Affected:Gammaproteobacteria (Salmonella, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Vibrio), Firmicutes (Bacillus) | Growth of individual strains | Antimicrobial production | Producers were Antarctic bacteria, while affected bacteria were food-borne pathogens | [30] |
Tundra wetland soil, Ural, Russia | Methanogens and homoacetogenic Firmicutes (Acetobacterium) | H2 consumption | Differential H2 affinity | Competition was modeled based on changing H2 affinities at various temperatures; some strains isolated from pond and fen sediments | [31] |
In situ | |||||
Unvegetated contaminated soil in Alert, Nunavut, Canada | Alpha-, Beta-, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria | Assimilation of added monoammonium phosphate | Differential nutrient uptake | Alphaproteobacteria most effectively assimilated added nutrients | [32] |
Soil microcosms | |||||
Lowland soil, Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada | Archaeal and bacterial nitrifiers, fungal and bacterial denitrifiers | N2O production, nitrate availability, biomass of microbial domains | Differential nutrient uptake | Effects varied with temperature | [33] |
2. Factors Influencing the Relative Success of Polar Microorganisms
2.1. Environmental Factors
2.2. Biotic Interactions
3. Important Microbial Functions Potentially Affected by Competition in Polar Soils
3.1. Greenhouse Gas Flux
3.2. Biodegradation
3.3. Plant Productivity
3.4. Nutrient Cycling
4. The Effects of Environmental Change on Competition
5. Studying Competition in Natural Communities
6. Conclusions
- Polar soils contain large stores of organic material and nutrients. The extent to which microbial competition can limit rates of decomposition and nutrient cycling will affect climate change predictions and future management plans.
- By purposefully altering the soil environment, microbial competition may be either increased or reduced, possibly opening biotechnological opportunities such as enhanced bioremediation.
- Microbial composition and activity also affect the activity and growth of other organisms such as plants, and vice versa. Competition between these groups is also likely to affect the composition and functioning of each.
Acknowledgements
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Bell, T.H.; Callender, K.L.; Whyte, L.G.; Greer, C.W. Microbial Competition in Polar Soils: A Review of an Understudied but Potentially Important Control on Productivity. Biology 2013, 2, 533-554. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2020533
Bell TH, Callender KL, Whyte LG, Greer CW. Microbial Competition in Polar Soils: A Review of an Understudied but Potentially Important Control on Productivity. Biology. 2013; 2(2):533-554. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2020533
Chicago/Turabian StyleBell, Terrence H., Katrina L. Callender, Lyle G. Whyte, and Charles W. Greer. 2013. "Microbial Competition in Polar Soils: A Review of an Understudied but Potentially Important Control on Productivity" Biology 2, no. 2: 533-554. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2020533