Separation of Cellulose from Wastewater and Valorisation via Pyrolysis: A Case Study in the Czech Republic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cellulose Separation
2.2. Pyrolytic Tests
2.3. Analytical Methods
2.4. Evaluation of the Scenarios
- Scenario 1 (S1): 100% of the cellulose is recovered. Given the application of a multiple-stage mechanical separation system, the cellulose separation from WW flux in this study is assumed to be close to complete.
- Scenario 2 (S2): 75% of the cellulose in the WW is separated and recovered.
- Scenario 3 (S3): Only 50% of the cellulose in the WW is separated and recovered.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cellulose Separation and Characterization
3.2. Production of Carbon-Based Material from Medium-Temperature Pyrolysis
3.3. Production of D-PCS and P-PCS: Estimation in the Case Study
3.4. Impact of Cellulose Separation on the Operation of the WWTP
3.4.1. COD Fluxes
3.4.2. Energy Content
3.5. Limitations of the Study and “Open Questions”
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter (u.m.) | Value |
---|---|
Flow (m3 d−1) | 76,400–98,000 |
BOD5 (mg L−1) | 285–395 |
COD (mg L−1) | 620–900 |
TSS (mg L−1) | 290–480 |
TDS (mg L−1) | 820–926 |
pH (-) | 7.6–7.7 |
EC (µS cm−1) | 1313–1444 |
N-NH4+ (mg L−1) | 41–50 |
N-NO3− (mg L−1) | <0.05 |
N-NO2− (mg L−1) | <0.01 |
Ntot (mg L−1) | 61.7–68 |
Ptot (mg L−1) | 7.06–8.71 |
AOX (mg L−1) | 0.3–0.4 |
Tmin (°C) | 15–20 |
Tmax (°C) | 26.1–34.9 |
PCS (±SD) [n = 5] | T-PCS (±SD) [n = 3] | |
---|---|---|
Physicochemical parameters | ||
DM (%) | 14.6 ± 1.5 | 21.7 ± 1.3 |
pH (-) | 7.4 ± 0.2 | n.e. |
ROI (%DM) | n.e. | 16.8 ± 0.8 |
LOI (%DM) | 94.5 ± 9.5 | 83.2 ± 4.2 |
Chemical parameters | ||
Total P (mg kg−1DM) | 3670 ± 734 | n.e. |
As (mg kg−1DM) | 6.30 ± 1.30 | 0.68 ± 0.14 |
Cd (mg kg−1DM) | ˂0.50 | ˂0.40 |
Cr (mg kg−1DM) | 26.1 ± 5.2 | n.e. |
Pb (mg kg−1DM) | 16.1 ± 3.2 | 15.6 ± 3.1 |
Cu (mg kg−1DM) | n.e. | 102 ± 20.4 |
Ni (mg kg−1DM) | 10.5 ± 2.1 | 15.2 ± 3 |
Hg (mg kg−1DM) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 |
Zn (mg kg−1DM) | 350 ± 70 | 503 ± 100.1 |
V (mg kg−1DM) | n.e. | 6.5 ± 1.3 |
Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
CODD-PCS (kg y−1) | 1,485,833 | 1,114,375 | 742,917 |
CH4 production (Mm3 y−1) | 0.51 | 0.38 | 0.25 |
Biogas production (Mm3 y−1) | 0.72 | 0.54 | 0.36 |
Ratio with current scenario (%) | 14.80 | 11.10 | 7.40 |
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Djordjevićová, D.; Carnevale Miino, M.; Raček, J.; Chorazy, T.; Hlavínek, P.; Vranayova, Z. Separation of Cellulose from Wastewater and Valorisation via Pyrolysis: A Case Study in the Czech Republic. Resources 2024, 13, 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13040051
Djordjevićová D, Carnevale Miino M, Raček J, Chorazy T, Hlavínek P, Vranayova Z. Separation of Cellulose from Wastewater and Valorisation via Pyrolysis: A Case Study in the Czech Republic. Resources. 2024; 13(4):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13040051
Chicago/Turabian StyleDjordjevićová, Denisa, Marco Carnevale Miino, Jakub Raček, Tomáš Chorazy, Petr Hlavínek, and Zuzana Vranayova. 2024. "Separation of Cellulose from Wastewater and Valorisation via Pyrolysis: A Case Study in the Czech Republic" Resources 13, no. 4: 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13040051