Resources

35 pages, 1192 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Water Productivity and Reducing Water and Energy Consumption in Rice Production Through Natural Farming-Based Management Practices in Southern India

by Battu Krishna Rao, Somepalli Annapurna, Brahmanapuduru Gireesh, Priyanka Jha, Masireddy Sruthi, Kunapuli Vijaya Gowri, Karanam Sunitha, Ramineni Harsha Nag, Mahipal Choudhary, Zakir Hussain and Mood Anitha

Resources 2026, 15(9), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15090122 (registering DOI) - 17 Sep 2026

Abstract

Natural farming (NF) has emerged as a promising agro-ecological tactic to enhance resource use and reduce dependence on synthetic agricultural inputs. However, comprehensive field-based evidence across diverse agro-climatic regions remains limited. This study assessed the effects of NF on water use, water and [...] Read more.

Natural farming (NF) has emerged as a promising agro-ecological tactic to enhance resource use and reduce dependence on synthetic agricultural inputs. However, comprehensive field-based evidence across diverse agro-climatic regions remains limited. This study assessed the effects of NF on water use, water and crop productivity, economic returns, energy consumption, and soil fertility across four agro-climatic zones of Andhra Pradesh, India, using a paired-field approach during 2023–2025. Compared with conventional farming (CF), NF reduced total water utilization by 16.1–39.0%, resulting in a 15.0–55.5% improvement in water productivity. Although rice yield declined marginally by 4.40–8.40% in the Southern, Krishna, and High-Altitude zones during some seasons, yields remained comparable in the Godavari zone. The cost of cultivation decreased substantially by 20.6–35.1%, while gross returns remained largely comparable between production systems, varying from −7.0% to +5.05%. Consequently, NF increased net returns by 8.8–29.0% and improved the benefit-cost ratio by 23.7–47.8% relative to CF. Irrigation-related energy consumption was reduced by 21.8–57.7%, indicating greater resource-use efficiency under NF. The sustainable yield index values remained high (0.68–0.91), demonstrating stable crop productivity despite reduced external inputs. Natural farming practices also improved soil health by buffering soil pH towards neutrality; soil organic carbon (SOC) enhanced from 0.38–0.73% under CF to 0.57–1.01% under NF. Similarly, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increased under NF. Overall, these findings demonstrate that natural farming improves water and energy productivity, reduces production costs, and increases farm profitability while maintaining stable rice productivity across diverse agro-climatic conditions. The results highlight the potential of natural farming as a climate-resilient and resource-efficient strategy for sustainable rice production in India. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Management for Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 4219 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermochemical Conversion of Wastewater Sludge from Ribbed Smoked Sheet (RSS) Rubber Production: Pyrolysis Product Distribution, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Energy Potential

by Visit Eakvanich, Natworapol Rachsiriwatcharabul, Wassachol Wattana, Panya Dangwilailux, Wachara Kalasee and Putipong Lakachaiworakun

Resources 2026, 15(9), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15090121 - 16 Sep 2026

Abstract

The rapid depletion of fossil fuels and increasing environmental concerns has intensified the search for sustainable energy recovery from biomass residues. Wastewater sludge generated during ribbed smoked sheet (RSS) rubber production is an underutilized by-product rich in organic matter and therefore represents a [...] Read more.

The rapid depletion of fossil fuels and increasing environmental concerns has intensified the search for sustainable energy recovery from biomass residues. Wastewater sludge generated during ribbed smoked sheet (RSS) rubber production is an underutilized by-product rich in organic matter and therefore represents a potential feedstock for thermochemical conversion. This study investigated the slow pyrolysis of RSS wastewater sludge and evaluated the effects of pyrolysis temperature (350–500 °C) on product distribution, fuel properties, and thermochemical characteristics. Wastewater sludge collected from an RSS cooperative in Chumphon Province, Thailand, was pyrolyzed in a laboratory-scale reactor under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the feedstock and pyrolysis products were characterized using proximate and ultimate analyses, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gas chromatography, and physicochemical measurements. The results showed that pyrolysis temperature significantly influenced product yields and fuel quality. The yields of pyrolysis gas (PG), biochar, and liquid products (LPs) ranged from 41.87 to 45.78% wt, 23.41 to 28.75% wt, and 29.19 to 30.81% wt, respectively. The LPs contained high oxygen contents (72–81% wt) and exhibited relatively low higher heating values (HHVs) of 16.87–21.75 MJ kg⁻¹, indicating limited suitability for direct fuel applications without upgrading. In contrast, biochar produced at higher temperatures exhibited increased carbon content (60.18–77.15% wt) and HHVs of up to 28.45 MJ kg⁻¹, demonstrating promising potential as a renewable solid fuel, although its relatively low bulk density (97.28–135.29 kg m⁻³) suggests that densification would improve practical utilization. The PG fraction exhibited low HHVs (0.21–2.95 MJ kg⁻¹) owing to the predominance of CO₂ and other non-combustible gases under slow pyrolysis conditions, making it more suitable for localized process heat recovery than as a primary gaseous fuel. Overall, this study demonstrates that RSS wastewater sludge can be effectively valorized through slow pyrolysis into biochar, liquid products, and pyrolysis gas. The findings provide quantitative information for optimizing pyrolysis operating conditions and offer engineering guidance for the sustainable utilization of rubber-processing sludge as a renewable energy resource within a circular bio-economy framework. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 1501 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Assessment of Groundwater Quality, Infrastructure, and Livestock-Watering Suitability in Western Kazakhstan

by Sultan Tazhiyev, Yermek Murtazin, Malis Absametov, Dinara Adenova, Kuanysh Togizov, Aliya Toktar, Valentina Rakhimova, Zhanar Naurozbayeva, Aigerim Akylbayeva, Makhabbat Abdizhalel and Darkhan Yerezhep

Resources 2026, 15(9), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15090120 - 15 Sep 2026

Abstract

Groundwater is the principal water resource supporting pasture-based livestock production in the arid Mangystau and Atyrau regions of western Kazakhstan, where permanent surface-water availability is limited. This study integrated field surveys of groundwater infrastructure with hydrochemical analyses of 36 groundwater samples (24 from [...] Read more.

Groundwater is the principal water resource supporting pasture-based livestock production in the arid Mangystau and Atyrau regions of western Kazakhstan, where permanent surface-water availability is limited. This study integrated field surveys of groundwater infrastructure with hydrochemical analyses of 36 groundwater samples (24 from Mangystau and 12 from Atyrau) to evaluate groundwater quality, livestock-watering suitability, and the practical usability of existing water points. Mineralization ranged from 281 to 10,298 mg/L, demonstrating substantial source-level and within-region variability. Total mineralization did not differ significantly between the sampled sources of Mangystau and Atyrau. After correction for multiple regional comparisons, statistically significant differences were retained for sulfate and bicarbonate, with higher sulfate concentrations in Mangystau and higher bicarbonate concentrations in Atyrau. Ionic charge-balance assessment showed that 35 of 36 samples were within ±10%; one charge-imbalanced sample was excluded from charge-balance-dependent hydrochemical interpretation. Among the 35 QA/QC-accepted samples, mineralization was strongly associated with Na⁺ (Spearman ρ = 0.834, p = 5.06 × 10⁻¹⁰) and Cl⁻ (ρ = 0.843, p = 2.08 × 10⁻¹⁰), while Na⁺ and Cl⁻ showed very strong covariation (ρ = 0.952, p = 1.51 × 10⁻¹⁸). Together with a median molar Na/Cl ratio of 1.10 and the predominance of Na–Cl facies, these relationships are consistent with an important contribution from saline and evaporitic sedimentary materials to groundwater mineralization. Twelve sources contained ≥7000 mg/L TDS and require restricted, source-specific livestock use. Elevated nitrate and ammonium occurred at a subset of water points and are interpreted as localized water-quality concerns whose origin cannot be established from the present dataset. The results demonstrate that pasture-water management should prioritize source-specific groundwater-quality assessment, infrastructure maintenance, and sanitary protection rather than reliance on administrative-region averages alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Management for Agriculture)

0 pages, 7391 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Composite Suitability: Evidence-Aware Pareto Frontiers for Geothermal Exploration Decisions in Colombia

by Carlos Robles-Algarín, Víctor Olivero-Ortiz and Carolina Diosa Rosas

Resources 2026, 15(9), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15090119 - 14 Sep 2026

Abstract

Regional geothermal screening often collapses prospectivity, territorial constraints, institutional support, and data maturity into a compensatory score, obscuring why an area ranks highly. We develop an evidence-aware, non-compensatory framework for Colombia. Eleven criteria were standardized at 300 m and weighted using Best–Worst Method [...] Read more.

Regional geothermal screening often collapses prospectivity, territorial constraints, institutional support, and data maturity into a compensatory score, obscuring why an area ranks highly. We develop an evidence-aware, non-compensatory framework for Colombia. Eleven criteria were standardized at 300 m and weighted using Best–Worst Method judgments from 15 experts. Results for 23 registered areas were decomposed into geoscientific prospectivity, territorial compatibility, institutional alignment, and evidence gap. Institutional alignment remained a contextual implementation dimension but was excluded from Pareto dominance. Paired frontiers distinguish advancement screening from information-acquisition screening. Robustness was evaluated through 10,000 expert-panel bootstrap replicates, 81 transformations of four dominant geoscientific layers, and directed missing-data tests. Cubarral, Nereidas, Iza, Paipa, and Santa Rosa formed the advancement frontier, which was unchanged across all transformation scenarios; joint robustness frequencies ranged from 83.4% to 100%. However, neutral score-3 imputation retained only Cubarral, Nereidas, and Santa Rosa (Jaccard = 0.600). Eight of nine learning-front members persisted across all transformation scenarios, while Santa Rosa was transformation-sensitive. Apiay ranked second in every expert bootstrap but belonged to neither frontier, showing that rank stability does not imply non-dominance. The framework separates preference uncertainty from evidence-model and missing-data assumptions while providing screening sets requiring costed feasibility appraisal. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 7235 KB

Open AccessArticle

Recycled Concrete Aggregates in Bioretention Cells: Pollutant Retention, Start-Up and Stabilization Dynamics, and Resource Conservation

by Dina Margarita Olmedo-Martínez, Arlette Cruz-Borbolla, Carlos Alfredo Bigurra-Alzati, Liliana Lizárraga-Mendiola, Omar Salvador Areu-Rangel, Marcelino Antonio Zúñiga-Estrada, Claudia Coronel-Olivares and Gabriela A. Vázquez-Rodríguez

Resources 2026, 15(9), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15090118 - 9 Sep 2026

Abstract

This study evaluated recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) as a filter medium and secondary mineral resource in bioretention cells treating synthetic urban runoff, with emphasis on pollutant retention, start-up, and stabilization dynamics. Four laboratory-scale columns containing RCAs were operated for 12 weekly cycles under [...] Read more.

This study evaluated recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) as a filter medium and secondary mineral resource in bioretention cells treating synthetic urban runoff, with emphasis on pollutant retention, start-up, and stabilization dynamics. Four laboratory-scale columns containing RCAs were operated for 12 weekly cycles under unplanted and vetiver-planted configurations, with and without a 2 cm granular activated carbon layer. Ammonium, nitrate, total nitrogen, phosphate, Pb, Zn, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored throughout the experiment. Ammonium was consistently retained, reaching removal efficiencies above 95% in all configurations by the final cycles, while Pb and Zn remained below detection in nearly all effluents. Nitrate, total nitrogen, and phosphate showed initial export and greater variability during start-up, followed by more consistent retention, particularly in the vegetated configurations. The GAC layer did not provide a consistent improvement in nutrient retention. EC generally decreased during operation, indicating progressive conditioning of the RCA media, whereas effluent pH remained persistently alkaline. Altogether, RCAs provided effective pollutant retention while exhibiting distinct conditioning and stabilization trajectories. Their use as the main mineral component of bioretention filter beds also offers a pathway for substituting virgin aggregates and valorizing construction and demolition waste, although long-term performance and life-cycle impacts require further evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Resource Recovery from Waste)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 993 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gold, Terrorism, and Economic Growth in Burkina Faso: Between Resource Blessing, Resource Curse Hypothesis, and the Resource–Security Paradox

by Melike Bildirici and Ayse Demirhan

Resources 2026, 15(9), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15090117 - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship among gold production, terrorist attacks, FDI, trade openness, financial assistance, World Bank aid, and economic growth in Burkina Faso over the period of 1975–2024. To account for structural shifts and nonlinear dynamics, the analysis employs the FBARDL model [...] Read more.

This paper examines the relationship among gold production, terrorist attacks, FDI, trade openness, financial assistance, World Bank aid, and economic growth in Burkina Faso over the period of 1975–2024. To account for structural shifts and nonlinear dynamics, the analysis employs the FBARDL model together with Fourier Granger causality tests. To check the robustness of the results, the FBARDL estimates were compared with those obtained from the conventional ARDL, ARDL with structural break dummies, and OLS models. In addition, the BDS and Fourier-NL tests were performed on the residuals to assess neglected nonlinear dynamics and remaining structural breaks, while the Fourier F test was employed to verify the significance of the Fourier approximation. Finally, the Fourier Granger causality test was re-estimated using alternative lag lengths to confirm the robustness of the causality. The empirical results revealed contrasting effects of gold production and terrorism on economic growth in Burkina Faso. Gold production exerts a positive and economically meaningful effect in both the long and short run: a 1% increase in gold production increases economic growth by approximately 0.894% in the long run and 0.56% in the short run. By contrast, terrorism significantly undermined long-run economic growth, with a 1% increase in terrorist activity reducing economic growth by approximately 0.45%. The causality analysis further identified unidirectional causality from gold production to terrorism and trade openness, from trade openness and FDI to terrorism, and from terrorism to IBRD/IDA assistance. Bidirectional causality is found between FDI and trade openness, economic growth and FDI, economic growth and terrorism, FDI and gold production, economic growth and trade openness, and trade openness and financial assistance. Taken together, these results revealed a resource–security paradox. Gold production generates a clear resource blessing effect in terms of economic growth, but terrorism indicated that resource expansion may simultaneously intensify conflict-related vulnerabilities. Moreover, the growth benefits generated by gold production do not necessarily translate into broader and more inclusive development. The results therefore suggest that resource blessing in economic growth can coexist with resource curse dynamics in economic development. The policy implications emphasize strengthening resource governance and security institutions while channeling mining revenues toward productive investment and inclusive development. Such measures are essential for transforming gold-driven growth into sustainable development while mitigating the security risks associated with resource dependence. The results therefore revealed a sustainability paradox in which resource wealth generates economic benefits but also increases security and development vulnerabilities. The policy implications emphasized strengthening resource governance and security institutions and improving the allocation of mining revenues toward productive investment and inclusive development. Such policies are essential for transforming gold wealth into sustainable economic development while limiting the conflict-related risks associated with resource dependence. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 68647 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Geophysical and Remote Sensing Analysis for Identifying Mineralization Potential in Wadi Queih, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt

by Arwa Sameer, Ahmed Saleh, Sultan Awad Sultan Araffa, Sami Hamed Abd El Nabi, Karam Farag and Mohamed Aldeep

Resources 2026, 15(9), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15090116 - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

The integration of aeromagnetic, gamma-ray spectrometric, and remote sensing approaches was used to delineate structural configurations and identify potential mineralization sites in the Wadi Queih area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Focusing on weathered Precambrian terrains, this study establishes a predictive, multitier exploration model for [...] Read more.

The integration of aeromagnetic, gamma-ray spectrometric, and remote sensing approaches was used to delineate structural configurations and identify potential mineralization sites in the Wadi Queih area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Focusing on weathered Precambrian terrains, this study establishes a predictive, multitier exploration model for the Wadi Queih area (Eastern Desert, Egypt) by integrating aeromagnetic, gamma-ray spectrometric, and Landsat-9 OLI-2 datasets. Rather than analyzing these datasets in isolation, the novel contribution of this integrated approach lies in its ability to map the complete genetic path of mineralization—bridging subsurface structural conduits, surface hydrothermal alteration, and radioelements. Subsurface structural configurations mapped via magnetic tilt derivative (TDR) and analytic signal (AS) filters were revealed. The main finding is that the dominant NW–SE structural trend is consistent with regional tectonic structures associated with Red Sea rifting. By co-registering these deep structures with surface mineralogical mapping from Landsat-9 OLI-2 (processed using PCA, band ratios, and Spectral Angle Mapper), we demonstrate a direct structural control on hydrothermal alteration zones. Specifically, these fault zones align with intense hydroxyl and iron oxide alterations, while the Spectral Angle Mapper successfully identified serpentinite-hosted magnesite and chromite extensions. Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry validated these targets, mapping localized potassium enrichment along fault-controlled alteration zones and identifying strata-bound uranium enrichment within the phosphorogenic Duwi and Tarif Formations. The convergence of these three independent datasets provides a self-validating targeting framework that significantly reduces exploration risk compared to traditional single-dataset analyses. Ultimately, this integrated, multidisciplinary approach provides a robust and highly generalizable exploration framework for complex Precambrian terrains globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Resource Management 2025: Assessment, Mining and Processing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 4330 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Resource Management Challenges in AI-Driven Data Centers: A Systematic Review of Energy, Water, and Material Constraints

by Thelma Posadas-Paredes, Diana Karen Zavala-Vega, César Ramírez-Márquez and José María Ponce-Ortega

Resources 2026, 15(9), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15090115 - 4 Sep 2026

Abstract

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has intensified the demand for high-performance data centers, leading to unprecedented pressures on energy, water, and material resources. This critical review examines the emerging challenges associated with resource management in AI-driven data centers by focusing on the [...] Read more.

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has intensified the demand for high-performance data centers, leading to unprecedented pressures on energy, water, and material resources. This critical review examines the emerging challenges associated with resource management in AI-driven data centers by focusing on the interplay between computational growth and environmental constraints. The analysis integrates recent advances in energy efficiency, cooling technologies, and hardware design while highlighting the increasing water footprint of thermal management systems and the material implications linked to semiconductor manufacturing and infrastructure scaling. Particular attention is given not only to the trade-offs between performance optimization and sustainability but also to the limitations of current metrics used to assess resource efficiency. The review identifies key gaps in the literature, including the lack of integrated frameworks that simultaneously address energy, water, and material flows. Finally, this review provides insights into pathways for a more sustainable AI infrastructure by synthesizing present-day knowledge, critically evaluating existing strategies, and emphasizing the need for systemic approaches that align technological innovation with resource conservation and long-term environmental resilience. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2062 KB

Open AccessArticle

Resource-Oriented Prioritisation of Water-Supply Pipe Groups Using Repair and Service-Interruption Burdens

by Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik

Resources 2026, 15(9), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15090114 - 2 Sep 2026

Abstract

Long utility records support renewal screening when failures, durations and exposure use consistent definitions. An audit covered 4885 water-supply failures in a major city in south-eastern Poland (2004–2025); 4859 had a valid repair duration and 4832 had a valid service-interruption status/duration. Events and [...] Read more.

Long utility records support renewal screening when failures, durations and exposure use consistent definitions. An audit covered 4885 water-supply failures in a major city in south-eastern Poland (2004–2025); 4859 had a valid repair duration and 4832 had a valid service-interruption status/duration. Events and annual exposure used the same diameter-based functional classification. Material was identified for 4824 events; 4806 events formed 14 material–function groups. The core CRITIC–TOPSIS model combined exposure-normalised failure rate, mean repair time and mean interruption time; 2000 event-level bootstrap replicates quantified sampling uncertainty. Network length increased by about 84.4%, while failure rate decreased (Spearman ρ = −0.911, p < 0.001). Mean repair and interruption times were 7.96 and 2.43 h; 64.2% of repairs equalled 8 h. Galvanised-steel service connections ranked first (CC = 0.819; P(rank 1) = 0.800; P(top 3) = 1.000), followed by steel and asbestos cement distribution pipes. Product-containing structures and the strict >8, >10 and >12 h threshold variants selected asbestos cement distribution pipes, whereas the inclusive ≥8 h and positive-only SIT variants retained galvanised-steel service connections. The result is a group-screening signal, not a renewal prescription; hydraulic consequence, customers affected, condition and cost remain necessary for segment decisions. Beyond the case study, the workflow provides a transferable, low-data screening approach for directing limited maintenance and renewal resources while accounting for water-service accessibility; numerical priorities should be recalculated using local exposure, operational conditions and decision thresholds. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 1538 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Conditions Supporting Circular Resource Resilience in EU Countries: A Multi-Criteria Assessment of Material Use, Recycling Performance, and Import Dependency

by Tomasz Rokicki, Piotr Bórawski, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Olena Kulykovets and Bogdan Klepacki

Resources 2026, 15(9), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15090113 - 1 Sep 2026

Abstract

Growing material pressure and dependence on external supplies require an assessment of the circular economy not only in terms of recycling but also in terms of the structural conditions supporting resource resilience. The aim of the study was to assess and compare such [...] Read more.

Growing material pressure and dependence on external supplies require an assessment of the circular economy not only in terms of recycling but also in terms of the structural conditions supporting resource resilience. The aim of the study was to assess and compare such conditions across the 27 Member States of the European Union and to identify the diverse profiles of their strengths and weaknesses. To this end, a multi-criteria framework was developed based on averages from 2021 to 2023 for eight Eurostat indicators with complete data coverage for material consumption, municipal waste, resource productivity, recycling, the use of secondary materials, import dependency and the economic significance of circular economy sectors. Weights were determined using the Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) method, and the ranking was carried out using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. Estonia, Italy and Germany achieved the highest scores, whilst Luxembourg, Cyprus and Denmark achieved the lowest; however, similar aggregate scores were achieved through different configurations of the criteria. The broad structure of the ranking was relatively stable across several methodological variants (Kendall’s W = 0.8716), but this global consistency coexisted with substantial country-specific sensitivity, particularly to the weighting scheme; CRITIC–TOPSIS and Entropy–TOPSIS showed only moderate pairwise agreement (Spearman’s ρ = 0.5629). A leave-one-country-out jackknife confirmed high stability for most omissions while identifying the Netherlands and Estonia as influential reference-set observations. Replacing domestic material consumption (DMC) with the material footprint did not substantially alter the results. The index should be interpreted as a diagnostic tool for assessing structural conditions, rather than a direct measure of the dynamic response to a shock. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 1641 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decarbonizing Industrial Banana Drying: A Verifiable Framework for Sustainable Resource Management

by Danya K. Jurado-Erazo, L. Joana Rodriguez and Carlos E. Orrego

Resources 2026, 15(9), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15090112 - 1 Sep 2026

Abstract

Convective fruit drying is energy-intensive and a major greenhouse gas (GHG) source in the agri-food sector. Existing carbon footprint (CF) studies are fragmented, separating emissions accounting from economic performance and quality verification, limiting their usefulness for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) seeking practical [...] Read more.

Convective fruit drying is energy-intensive and a major greenhouse gas (GHG) source in the agri-food sector. Existing carbon footprint (CF) studies are fragmented, separating emissions accounting from economic performance and quality verification, limiting their usefulness for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) seeking practical decarbonization actions. This study proposes an integrated, verification-oriented framework linking organizational carbon accounting, process engineering, and product quality within a unified decision platform. The framework combines (i) GHG quantification (ISO 14064-1:2018 and ISO 14067:2018); (ii) techno-economic modeling via process simulation; (iii) experimental validation of quality attributes (moisture, water activity, color, texture); and (iv) sensitivity analysis. The framework was applied to four energy configurations: baseline and three decarbonization scenarios (solar thermal, photovoltaic (PV), and combined). The baseline footprint was 139,090 kg CO₂e (±11.43%). Emission reductions ranged from 15.05% to 34.73%, with the combined solar-PV configuration achieving the highest mitigation while maintaining commercial quality. Emission intensity dropped from 1.19 to 0.78 kg CO₂e per functional unit. Economic performance showed payback periods of 5.78–10.54 years and IRRs of 15.8–24.2%. This framework provides a transferable tool for SMEs to prioritize decarbonization strategies based on integrated environmental, economic, and quality criteria. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 2263 KB

Open AccessArticle

Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure, Renewable Energy, and Agricultural Water Productivity in Saudi Arabia: Macro-Level Associations and Interaction Effects

by Amina Hamdouni

Resources 2026, 15(9), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15090111 - 1 Sep 2026

Cited by 1

Abstract

Water scarcity remains a major constraint to agricultural sustainability in Saudi Arabia, creating an urgent need to improve agricultural water productivity. This study examines long-run and short-run associations among national information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, national renewable-energy share, climatic conditions, and agricultural [...] Read more.

Water scarcity remains a major constraint to agricultural sustainability in Saudi Arabia, creating an urgent need to improve agricultural water productivity. This study examines long-run and short-run associations among national information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, national renewable-energy share, climatic conditions, and agricultural water productivity during 1995–2024. ICT infrastructure is represented by internet users, mobile cellular subscriptions, and fixed broadband subscriptions, while renewable energy consumption is examined both as an associated covariate and as a moderator of the ICT–water productivity relationship. Temperature and precipitation are incorporated as control variables. The analysis employs the ARDL approach to estimate long-run equilibrium relationships and short-run adjustment dynamics. The results show positive associations of the three ICT indicators, renewable energy consumption, and rainfall with agricultural water productivity, whereas temperature is negatively associated. The interaction analysis indicates that renewable energy is positively associated with the relationship between ICT infrastructure and agricultural water productivity. These results suggest that digital technologies and renewable energy are jointly associated with higher irrigation performance, improved water-use efficiency, and more sustainable agricultural development. The findings offer policy-relevant evidence for promoting digital infrastructure and renewable energy in Saudi Arabia and other water-scarce economies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Water and Soil Management Towards Climate Change Adaptation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

50 pages, 3721 KB

Open AccessReview

Wood Vinegar from Lignocellulosic Biomass in the Context of Forest Biorefineries: Opportunities, Challenges, and Pathways Toward Standardization

by Elaine Cristina Lengowski, Paulo Cesar Flores Júnior, Allison Murilo de Arruda, Julia Teresa Lopes de Souza, Aleffe Neves Leite, Alexandre Santos Pimenta and Eraldo Antonio Bonfatti Júnior

Resources 2026, 15(8), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15080110 - 21 Aug 2026

Abstract

Wood vinegar (WV), also known as pyroligneous acid, is the aqueous condensate produced during lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis, generated alongside biochar and non-condensable gases. In forest biorefineries, it represents a promising value-added coproduct capable of transforming forestry and agroforestry residues into a multifunctional bioproduct. [...] Read more.

Wood vinegar (WV), also known as pyroligneous acid, is the aqueous condensate produced during lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis, generated alongside biochar and non-condensable gases. In forest biorefineries, it represents a promising value-added coproduct capable of transforming forestry and agroforestry residues into a multifunctional bioproduct. Its composition, dominated by water, organic acids, phenolic compounds, aldehydes, and ketones, confers antimicrobial, antioxidant, biostimulant, herbicidal, and preservative properties. This review critically examines WV production, chemical composition, purification strategies, mechanisms of action, and applications, explicitly distinguishing evidence-based uses from prospective ones. Current evidence supports applications in agriculture, wood preservation, environmental management, and forestry, including forest nursery production and clonal propagation of Eucalyptus and Pinus. However, the literature remains fragmented by compositional variability, non-standardized terminology, limited mechanistic understanding, and scarce long-term toxicological and techno-economic assessments. WV holds significant potential for sustainable biomass valorization and circular bioeconomy strategies. Realizing this potential requires harmonized analytical protocols, standardized formulations, rigorous mechanistic studies, life-cycle assessments, and regulatory frameworks that support the transition of this heterogeneous pyrolysis byproduct into a reliable commodity within integrated forest biorefineries. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 8271 KB

Open AccessArticle

Accessibility-Associated Forest-Cover Loss and Fragmentation Around Mining Roads and Rural Settlements in the Miombo Woodlands of Southeastern DR Congo

by Franco Muamba Kalenda Bwandamuka, John Kikuni Tchowa, Heritier Khoji Muteya, Médard Mpanda Mukenza, Dieu-donné N’Tambwe Nghonda, François Malaisse, Jean-François Bastin, Emery Kasongo Lenge Mukonzo, Yannick Useni Sikuzani and Jan Bogaert

Resources 2026, 15(8), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15080109 - 21 Aug 2026

Abstract

The miombo woodlands of the southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) are increasingly exposed to mining expansion and associated land-use changes. However, the spatial association between mining infrastructure, rural settlements, and forest-cover dynamics remains poorly quantified. This study assessed long-term forest-cover [...] Read more.

The miombo woodlands of the southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) are increasingly exposed to mining expansion and associated land-use changes. However, the spatial association between mining infrastructure, rural settlements, and forest-cover dynamics remains poorly quantified. This study assessed long-term forest-cover change and fragmentation in relation to accessibility gradients around a mining exploration road and four rural settlements in Mutshatsha Territory, a rapidly transforming mining frontier within the Katangese Copperbelt. Land-cover dynamics from 1998 to 2023 were reconstructed from six Landsat observations using Random Forest classification implemented in Google Earth Engine. Landscape metrics were used to quantify changes in forest composition and configuration, while distance-based analyses assessed spatial patterns along accessibility gradients. Forest cover declined from 39.9% in 1998 to 12.5% in 2023, corresponding to an annual forest-cover loss rate of 2.75%, while agricultural and built-up/bare-soil classes expanded. Forest fragmentation increased, as reflected by greater patch subdivision and declining dominance and cohesion of large forest patches. Forest cover generally increased with distance from the mining road after accounting for year, indicating a significant accessibility-associated spatial gradient. Linear regressions showed strong statistical associations between forest cover and road-distance gradients (R² = 0.71–0.94), while village-distance relationships reached R² values of up to 0.80. These R² values represent the proportion of variance accounted for by the fitted spatial relationships and should not be interpreted as causal effects of accessibility. Forest-cover patterns also varied among villages and years, indicating that accessibility-associated gradients occurred within broader temporal and landscape dynamics. Overall, the results demonstrate substantial forest-cover loss and landscape reorganization associated spatially with accessibility gradients around mining infrastructure and rural settlements. These findings support conservation and land-use planning that considers remaining forest patches, landscape connectivity, and accessibility patterns beyond the immediate infrastructure footprint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Separation and Environmental Management of Urban and Mining Wastes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 1147 KB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Modeling of Energy Security of Distributed Power Systems in the Post-Crisis Period: Scenario Analysis and Assessment of Tail Risks

by Nestor Shpak, Lesia Gnylianska, Maryana Gvozd, Magdalena Majchrzak and Artur Zaporozhets

Resources 2026, 15(8), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15080108 - 14 Aug 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the transformation of energy security in distributed energy systems under growing uncertainty, geopolitical shocks, and fuel market volatility. A risk-based multi-objective optimization framework is proposed that integrates economic performance (LCOE, CAPEX, and OPEX), system reliability, and systemic risk measured by [...] Read more.

This study investigates the transformation of energy security in distributed energy systems under growing uncertainty, geopolitical shocks, and fuel market volatility. A risk-based multi-objective optimization framework is proposed that integrates economic performance (LCOE, CAPEX, and OPEX), system reliability, and systemic risk measured by Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR). The empirical analysis is based on European electricity market data for 2010–2025 and combines historical analysis with stochastic scenario generation and Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the impacts of exogenous shocks. The results reveal a structural shift in the European electricity market after 2021, characterized by increased sensitivity to fuel price fluctuations and a transition to a more volatile operating regime. Although a higher share of renewable energy improves economic and environmental performance, it does not ensure system resilience without complementary flexibility measures, including energy storage and demand-side management. The proposed framework demonstrates that integrating these measures substantially reduces systemic risk under crisis conditions. The analysis also identifies a persistent post-crisis risk pattern, reflected in elevated CVaR values after market stabilization, which is consistent with the hypothesis of risk hysteresis. Rather than proving hysteresis, the results indicate sustained risk persistence following major external shocks. The proposed framework extends existing approaches to energy security assessment by integrating economic efficiency, reliability, and risk within a unified optimization model. Its modular structure enables adaptation to different electricity markets through recalibration of local parameters, providing a practical decision-support tool for strategic planning under uncertainty. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 2398 KB

Open AccessArticle

Anaerobic Valorization of Non-Detoxified Pentose Liquor from Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrothermal Pretreatment for Sequential Hydrogen and Methane Recovery

by Ana Flávia Vieira Pontes, Lucas Tadeu Fuess and Marcelo Zaiat

Resources 2026, 15(8), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15080107 - 6 Aug 2026

Abstract

This study evaluated the anaerobic valorization of real, non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse-derived pentose liquor. Direct fermentation without nutrients, co-substrate, or buffering was limited, reaching low-to-moderate (37–54%) carbohydrate conversion efficiency at low organic loading rate (OLR < 5.6 kg COD m⁻³ d⁻¹) [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the anaerobic valorization of real, non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse-derived pentose liquor. Direct fermentation without nutrients, co-substrate, or buffering was limited, reaching low-to-moderate (37–54%) carbohydrate conversion efficiency at low organic loading rate (OLR < 5.6 kg COD m⁻³ d⁻¹) levels. Hydrogen yield (HY) was also low (0.63–0.89 mol H₂ mol⁻¹ carbohydrate_converted) under these conditions. Increasing pentose liquor concentration up to 0.8 L L⁻¹ and OLR of 30.2 kg COD m⁻³ d⁻¹ suppressed hydrogen production, coinciding with lactate accumulation and the occurrence of homoacetogenesis. Enhanced fermentation with sucrose, nutrients, buffering, shorter hydraulic retention time (12 h) and 37 °C improved stability and carbohydrate conversion (50–61%) under higher OLR, although HY considerably decreased (0.14–0.35 mol H₂ mol⁻¹). Methanogenesis was effective in both single- and two-stage systems, with carbohydrate conversion usually above 95%, COD removal up to 83.5%, methane fractions above 60%, and methane yields reaching 299.8–301 NmL CH₄ g⁻¹ COD_removed. Furfural and 5-HMF showed phase-dependent transformation, indicating partial in situ detoxification during anaerobic conversion. Overall, pentose liquor is better valorized through integrated hydrogen–methane recovery than by fermentation alone. Future studies should focus on both applying more effective strategies to buffer the fermentative stage and adopting more conservative approaches (lower OLR) to start up the methanogenic systems. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 13724 KB

Open AccessArticle

Recycling Iridium and Platinum from End-of-Life Technologies: A 2050 Material-Flow Analysis

by Abu Shahadat Md Ibrahim and Roderick G. Eggert

Resources 2026, 15(8), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15080106 - 6 Aug 2026

Abstract

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers and fuel cells could substantially increase demand for iridium (Ir) and platinum (Pt), two platinum-group metals (PGMs) with concentrated primary supply chains. This study evaluates secondary Ir and Pt supply from end-of-life PEM technologies using a scenario-based material-flow [...] Read more.

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers and fuel cells could substantially increase demand for iridium (Ir) and platinum (Pt), two platinum-group metals (PGMs) with concentrated primary supply chains. This study evaluates secondary Ir and Pt supply from end-of-life PEM technologies using a scenario-based material-flow analysis for global and U.S. markets from 2020 to 2050. Annual metal demand is estimated from U.S. Department of Energy annual PEM manufactured-capacity inputs, which include new and replacement systems, and from catalyst loading rates. Secondary supply is estimated using distributed lifetimes, collection efficiency, technical recovery efficiency, recycling delay, loss accounting, remaining primary requirement, and surplus. Under the central practical case, recovered Ir supplies 16.9% of global and 3.8% of U.S. PEM electrolyzer Ir demand in 2050. Recovered PEM electrolyzer Pt supplies 32.2% of global and 7.3% of U.S. demand, while recovered PEM fuel-cell Pt supplies 75.1% of global and 51.2% of U.S. demand. Sensitivity and uncertainty results show that recovery outcomes depend strongly on collection performance, recycling delay, technical recovery, catalyst loading, and capacity-input assumptions. PEM recycling can reduce future primary PGM requirements, especially for Pt, but cannot eliminate primary Ir demand during rapid PEM electrolyzer scale-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Resources and Innovation for a Just and Sustainable Energy Transition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 10356 KB

Open AccessReview

Safety-Gated Valorisation of Vine and Wine By-Products: An EU-Focused Circular Bioeconomy Framework

by Márta Kreidlmayer, Karl-Johan Fabó, Máté Tóth, Péter Balling, Antal Kneip, Laura Varga, Péter Molnár, Zoltán Szekér, Réka Matolcsi, Adrien Fenyvesi, Mihály Konkoly, Csaba Zsolt Oláh, Barnabás Kovács, István Kiss, Tamás Köpeczi-Bócz and Sándor Némethy

Resources 2026, 15(8), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15080105 - 6 Aug 2026

Abstract

Vineyards and wineries generate seasonal, wet and compositionally variable side-streams whose safe use is constrained by rapid spoilage, contaminants, fragmented regulation and scale. This EU-focused structured narrative review synthesised 90 scientific and official sources and proposes an integrated decision framework rather than another [...] Read more.

Vineyards and wineries generate seasonal, wet and compositionally variable side-streams whose safe use is constrained by rapid spoilage, contaminants, fragmented regulation and scale. This EU-focused structured narrative review synthesised 90 scientific and official sources and proposes an integrated decision framework rather than another catalogue of valorisation routes. The framework applies a non-compensatory sequence: characterise and stabilise the batch, test route-specific hazards, assign evidence-level and technology readiness, verify legal eligibility, define a safe fallback, and only then compare material flows, environmental burdens and risk-adjusted economics. Current implementation evidence is strongest for controlled composting, conventional wastewater treatment, anaerobic digestion and selected grape-seed oil, polyphenol and heat-integrated biochar operations; clinical, plant-protection and several novel-extract claims remain product- and context-specific. Illustrative ENPV cases show that high-value extraction can offer greater upside but lower robustness than compost/biochar when moisture, transport, rejection and price uncertainty are included. The framework provides an auditable basis for pilot design, regional cooperation and data collection, while explicitly requiring industrial and multi-season validation before investment or product approval. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Resource Recovery from Waste)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 4107 KB

Open AccessArticle

Critical-Material Recovery from U.S. Industrial Byproducts: A Scenario-Based Supply-Risk Analysis

by Abu Shahadat Md Ibrahim, Maxwell Fleming, Elif Bozkurt, Tom Brady and Ian Lange

Resources 2026, 15(8), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15080104 - 5 Aug 2026

Abstract

Recovery of critical materials from industrial byproducts is often presented as a near-term United States (U.S.) supply-security strategy, yet contained inventories, pilot output, announced capacity, and commercial production are not equivalent. This study evaluates eight U.S. pathways for gallium, germanium, tellurium, lithium, magnesium, [...] Read more.

Recovery of critical materials from industrial byproducts is often presented as a near-term United States (U.S.) supply-security strategy, yet contained inventories, pilot output, announced capacity, and commercial production are not equivalent. This study evaluates eight U.S. pathways for gallium, germanium, tellurium, lithium, magnesium, and cobalt, classified as operational, demonstration/pilot, announced target-year, or technical upper-bound cases. Facility- and stream-specific quantities were converted to qualifying domestic output and incorporated into same-stage material balances under explicit assumptions for utilization, eligibility, demand, and import displacement. Supply risk was calculated from the net import dependence and governance-adjusted production and trade concentration using a geometric index, with arithmetic formulations as robustness checks. The operational U.S. copper-refining tellurium pathway yielded the largest central reduction (49.29%). Announced 2030 Clarksville capacity reduced modeled risk by 13.87% for gallium and 8.75% for germanium, conditional on project completion, feed attribution, product qualification, utilization, and demand. All other central cases produced reductions of 4.63% or less; the current lithium demonstration, Stillwater cobalt, and aluminum-residue magnesium cases had negligible national effects. Policy support should therefore be differentiated by qualifying output, market scale, project maturity, and evidence quality rather than by contained material or nameplate capacity alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Resources and Innovation for a Just and Sustainable Energy Transition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Resources

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI