Complementary Practices in Pharmacy and Their Relation to Glaucoma—Classification, Definitions, and Limitations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Challenges in Glaucoma
3. Materials and Methods
4. Phytotherapy
4.1. Definitions and Description
4.2. Limitations
4.3. Application in Glaucoma
5. Aromatherapy
5.1. Definitions and Description
5.2. Limitations
5.3. Application in Glaucoma
6. Gemmotherapy
6.1. Definitions and Description
6.2. Limitations
6.3. Application in Glaucoma
7. Bach Flower Therapy
7.1. Definitions and Description
7.2. Limitations
7.3. Application in Glaucoma
8. Mycotherapy
8.1. Definitions and Description
8.2. Limitations
8.3. Application in Glaucoma
9. Apitherapy
9.1. Definitions and Descriptions
9.2. Limitations
9.3. Application in Glaucoma
10. Hirudotherapy
10.1. Definitions and Description
10.2. Limitations
10.3. Application in Glaucoma
11. Systematic Overview and Future Prospects
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AMD | Age-Related Macular Degeneration |
BFRs | Bach Flower Remedies |
EBM | Evidence-Based Medicine |
EMA | European Medicines Agency |
ESCOP | European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy |
ET-1 | Endothelin-1 |
IOP | Intraocular Pressure |
MMP-9 | Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 |
NF-κB | Nuclear Factor Kappa B |
NTG | Normotension Glaucoma |
PACG | Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma |
POAG | Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma |
RPE | Retinal Pigment Epithelium |
TCM | Traditional Chinese Medicine |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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1. Fear | |||
2 | Aspen | Populus tremula L. | Vague fears of unknown objects and events |
6 | Cherry Plum | Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. | Fear of losing mental control |
20 | Mimulus | Erythranthe guttata (Fisch. DC.) G.L.Nesom | Phobia of known things with withdrawn and nervous personality |
25 | Red Chestnut | Aesculus × carnea Zeyh. | Excessive worry and over-anxiety for the welfare of relatives |
26 | Rock rose | Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. | Extreme phobia, terror, panic (generalized anxiety disorder), and nightmares (nocturnal panic attack) |
2. Uncertainty | |||
5 | Cerato | Ceratostigma willmottianum Stapf | Lack of confidence in own decisions; repeatedly seeking advice of others (approval-seeking behavior) |
12 | Gentian | Gentiana amarella (L.) Börner | Doubt and discouragement after an unfortunate event; pessimism |
13 | Gorse | Ulex europaeus L. | Great hopelessness and despair |
17 | Hornbeam | Carpinus betulus L. | Procrastination; lack of the strength to fulfil daily tasks |
28 | Scleranthus | Scleranthus annuus L. | Indecisiveness between alternatives |
36 | Wild Oat | Bromus ramosus Huds. | Dissatisfaction and uncertainty over one’s direction in life (existential depression) |
3. Lack of Interest | |||
7 | Chestnut Bud | Aesculus hippocastanum L. | Failure to learn from mistakes and negative experiences |
9 | Clematis | Clematis vitalba L. | Daydreaming of the future with insufficient interest in the present; absent-mindedness |
16 | Honeysuckle | Lonicera caprifolium L. | Living in the past with overwhelming nostalgia |
21 | Mustard | Sinapis arvensis (L.) Andrz. ex Besser | Major depression for no reason |
23 | Olive | Olea europaea L. | Fatigue induced by physical and mental exertion |
35 | White Chestnut | Aesculus hippocastanum L. | Unwanted worrying and intrusive thoughts; concentration inability |
37 | Wild Rose | Rosa canina L. | Resignation, learned helplessness, and apathy |
4. Loneliness | |||
14 | Heather | Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull | Fear against loneliness contributes to talkative, self-centered, and self-concerned individuals |
18 | Impatiens | Impatiens glandulifera Royle | Impatience, frustration, and irritability |
34 | Water Violet | Hottonia palustris L. | Self-reliant individuals; pride and arrogance |
5. Over-Sensitivity | |||
1 | Agrimony | Agrimonia eupatoria L. | Hidden worries and mental torture masked by a cheerful face (“smiling depression”) |
4 | Centaury | Centaurium erythrea Rafn. | Inability to refuse |
15 | Holly | Ilex aquifolium L. | Resentment, envy, jealousy, suspicion, and revenge; victim mentality |
33 | Walnut | Juglans regia L. | Protection from changing and unwanted influences (at birth, puberty, divorce etc.); strongly influenced by opinions of others |
6. Despondency and Despair | |||
10 | Crab Apple | Malus pumila Mill. | Fear of contamination (mysophobia), sensation of uncleanliness, also for self-hatred and body image distortion |
11 | Elm | Ulmus minor Mill. | Overwhelmed by responsibilities (responsibility fatigue) and pressures of workload (workload paralysis) |
19 | Larch | Larix decidua Mill. | Low self-esteem; lack of confidence, fear of failure (maladaptive perfectionism) |
22 | Oak | Quercus robur L. | Perseverance to overcome adversity without losing hope |
24 | Pine | Pinus sylvestris L. | Self-blame, self-criticism, guilt |
29 | Star of Bethlehem | Ornithogalum umbellatum L. | Sensation of shock and loss, traumatic events, grief of tragedy, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
30 | Sweet Chestnut | Castanea sativa Mill. | Extreme mental anguish and emotional agony; hopelessness despite all attempts |
38 | Willow | Salix alba var. vitellina (L.) Stokes | Resentfulness, self-pity, and bitterness |
7. Overcare for others | |||
3 | Beech | Fagus sylvatica L. | Intolerance and hyperreactivity; critical, inflexible, and perfectionist mindset |
8 | Chicory | Cichorium intybus L. | Selfish and egoistic mindset; demand appreciation from others; possessive, controlling, and critical behaviors (narcissistic personality) |
27 | Rock water | Aqua petraea | Self-discipline, self-denial, and self-repression; asceticism |
31 | Vervain | Verbena officinalis L. | Enthusiastic strain and pressure; perfectionism and overexertion |
32 | Vine | Vitis vinifera L. | Dominance-seeking behavior and cognitive inflexibility |
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Rák, T.; Csutak, A. Complementary Practices in Pharmacy and Their Relation to Glaucoma—Classification, Definitions, and Limitations. Sci. Pharm. 2024, 92, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm92010016
Rák T, Csutak A. Complementary Practices in Pharmacy and Their Relation to Glaucoma—Classification, Definitions, and Limitations. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 2024; 92(1):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm92010016
Chicago/Turabian StyleRák, Tibor, and Adrienne Csutak. 2024. "Complementary Practices in Pharmacy and Their Relation to Glaucoma—Classification, Definitions, and Limitations" Scientia Pharmaceutica 92, no. 1: 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm92010016