Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Leaves
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Profiling of F. vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare EO
2.2. Antimicrobial Activity of F. vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare EO
2.3. Antibiofilm Activity of F. vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare EO
2.4. Antioxidant Activity of F. vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare EO
2.5. ROS Generation and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN)
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material and Isolation of Essential Oil
3.2. GC-MS Analysis
3.3. Bacterial Strains
3.4. Antimicrobial Activity Assay
3.5. Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
3.6. Antibiofilm Activity Assay
3.7. DAPI/PI Dual Staining and Fluorescence Microscopy Image Acquisition
3.8. ABTS Scavenging Capacity Assay
3.9. Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Assay
3.10. Eukaryotic Cell Culture
3.11. ROS Generation and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity on Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN)
3.12. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strains | MIC100 [µg/mL] |
---|---|
E. coli DH5α | 250 |
P. aeruginosa PAO1 ATCC15692 | >250 |
S. Typhimurium ATCC14028 | >250 |
S. aureus ATCC6538P | 250 |
M. smegmatis MC2155 | >250 |
B. cereus ATCC10987 | 250 |
Sample | IC50 of ABTS (µg/mL) | Sample | IC50 of H2O2 (µg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|
F. vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare | >1000 | F. vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare | 100 |
Ascorbic acid | 0.03 | Resveratrol | 0.05 |
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Di Napoli, M.; Castagliuolo, G.; Badalamenti, N.; Maresca, V.; Basile, A.; Bruno, M.; Varcamonti, M.; Zanfardino, A. Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Leaves. Plants 2022, 11, 3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243573
Di Napoli M, Castagliuolo G, Badalamenti N, Maresca V, Basile A, Bruno M, Varcamonti M, Zanfardino A. Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Leaves. Plants. 2022; 11(24):3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243573
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Napoli, Michela, Giusy Castagliuolo, Natale Badalamenti, Viviana Maresca, Adriana Basile, Maurizio Bruno, Mario Varcamonti, and Anna Zanfardino. 2022. "Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Leaves" Plants 11, no. 24: 3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243573