Keeping Control: The Role of Senescence and Development in Plant Pathogenesis and Defense
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Major Players in the Control of Senescence and Pathogen Response
2.1. Phytohormones
2.1.1. Ethylene
2.1.2. Jasmonic Acid
2.1.3. Salicylic Acid
2.1.4. Abscisic Acid
2.1.5. Brassinosteroids
2.1.6. Cytokinins, Auxins, Gibberellins
2.2. Transcription Factors
2.3. Reactive Oxygen Species, Programmed Cell Death and Autophagy
3. Developmental Implications of Host-Pathogen-Interactions
3.1. Host Development Affects Pathogenesis
3.1.1. Senescence-Like Processes Confer Quantitative Resistance against Biotrophic Pathogens in Cereals
3.1.2. Late-Senescing Genotypes Are More Resistant to Necrotrophic and Hemibiotrophic Pathogens
3.2. Pathogenesis Affects Host Development
3.2.1. Pathogens Manipulate Host Development for Their Own Benefit
3.2.2. “Developmental Buffering” Confers Quantitative Resistance to V. longisporum in A. thaliana
3.2.3. Transcriptional Response to V. longisporum at Maturity in a Susceptible and a Resistant A. thaliana Line
NIL9 | tmNIL130 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene | FC | Gene | FC | Gene | FC |
Ethylene biosynthesis, -signaling and -response | |||||
at2g25450 | 6.94 | at5g20400 | 2.13 | at5g44210 (ERF9) | 2.59 |
at4g37770 (ACS8) | 4.07 | at5g59540 | 2.48 | at3g23150 (ETR2) | 2.46 |
at5g65800 (ACS5) | 3.90 | at5g43440 | 2.18 | at1g04310 (ERS2) | 2.84 |
at1g01480(ACS2) | 3.59 | at1g03400 | 2.10 | at3g50260 (CEJ1) | 2.84 |
at4g26200 (ACS7) | 3.18 | at5g43450 | 2.13 | at2g40940 (ERS1) | 2.40 |
at5g44210 (ERF9) | 2.94 | at2g25450 | 12.06 | at5g25190 | 3.67 |
at5g25190 | 5.09 | at4g37770 (ACS8) | 4.99 | at3g11930 | 2.25 |
at4g37580 (HLS1) | 2.07 | at5g65800(ACS5) | 3.88 | at1g04370 (ATERF14) | 4.98 |
at3g11930 | 3.67 | at1g01480 (ACS2) | 11.90 | at1g55150 | 3.49 |
at1g55150 | 2.10 | at3g61510 (ACS1) | 5.00 | at1g09740 | 2.32 |
at3g20640 | 2.40 | at4g26200 (ACS7) | 2.17 | ||
at1g77330 | 0.28 | at2g31230 (ATERF15) | 0.40 | ||
at5g07580 | 0.38 | at2g20100 | 0.45 | ||
at2g31230 (ATERF15) | 0.42 | at1g27660 | 0.32 | ||
at1g06160 (ORA59) | 0.33 | at1g49830 | 0.33 | ||
at5g44350 | 0.21 | at4g29100 | 0.48 | ||
at1g27660 | 0.37 | ||||
Jasmonic acid biosynthesis, signaling and response | |||||
at1g18020 | 2.89 | ||||
at1g52070 | 2.64 | ||||
at5g48180 (NSP5) | 2.25 | ||||
at1g55020 (LOX1) | 0.44 | at1g09400 | 0.35 | ||
at1g76690 (OPR2) | 0.39 | at3g16470 (JR1) | 0.24 | ||
at3g16470 (JR1) | 0.34 | at3g16450 | 0.40 | ||
at3g16450 | 0.35 | ||||
Salicylic acid biosynthesis, signaling and response | |||||
at1g66720 | 6.23 | at1g66720 | 12.03 | ||
at5g04370 (NAMT1) | 0.18 | at5g38020 | 0.20 | at4g26420 (GAMT1) | 0.35 |
at5g37990 | 0.09 | at1g05670 | 0.38 | at5g37990 | 0.08 |
at5g04370 (NAMT1) | 0.45 | ||||
Abscisic acid biosynthesis, signaling and response | |||||
at4g18350 (NCED2) | 4.26 | at4g18350 (NCED2) | 10.1 | at5g23350 | 2.39 |
at5g50720 (ATHVA22E) | 2.03 | at1g30100 (NCED5) | 13.32 | at5g50720 (ATHVA22E) | 2.31 |
at1g74520 (ATHVA22A) | 2.84 | at3g24650 (ABI3) | 8.23 | ||
at4g32810 (CCD8) | 0.41 | at2g36020 (HVA22J) | 0.20 | at2g17770 (ATBZIP27) | 0.28 |
at2g44990 (CCD7) | 0.15 | at4g32810 (CCD8) | 0.28 | at5g62490 (ATHVA22B) | 0.49 |
at3g63210 (MARD1) | 0.50 | at2g44990 (CCD7) | 0.16 | at1g45249 (ABF2) | 0.39 |
at2g17770 (ATBZIP27) | 0.32 | at3g43600 (AAO2) | 0.26 | ||
at5g23370 | 0.46 | at1g52920 (GCR2) | 0.48 | ||
at1g45249 (ABF2) | 0.36 | at3g63210 (MARD1) | 0.45 | ||
Brassinosteroid synthesis, signaling and response | |||||
at3g50660 (DWF4) | 4.09 | at3g50660 (DWF4) | 2.99 | at2g22830 (SQE2) | 2.28 |
at1g76090 (SMT3) | 2.30 | at4g36780 | 2.16 | ||
at4g37760 (SQE3) | 0.34 | ||||
Cytokinin biosynthesis, signaling and response | |||||
at5g05860 (UGT76C2) | 2.34 | at5g05860 (UGT76C2) | 2.06 | at1g22400 (UGT85A1) | 2.72 |
at2g17820 (AHK1) | 2.10 | at4g29740 (CKX4) | 5.18 | ||
at2g47430 (CKI1) | 0.34 | at5g35750 (AHK2) | 0.45 | at2g01830 (AHK4) | 0.44 |
at2g01830 (AHK4) | 0.44 | at2g25180 (ARR12) | 0.32 | ||
Gibberellic acid biosynthesis, signaling and response | |||||
at5g59845 | 6.82 | at1g02400 (ATGA2OX4) | 3.05 | ||
at1g75750 (GASA1) | 10.66 | ||||
at5g59845 | 5.97 | ||||
at1g52820 | 0.24 | at4g23340 | 0.33 | at5g51810 (GA20OX2) | 0.22 |
at4g25420 GA5 | 0.22 | at4g25420 (GA5) | 0.33 | at1g14920 (GAI) | 0.34 |
at1g14920 (GAI) | 0.42 | ||||
Auxin biosynthesis, signaling and response | |||||
at5g13360 | 2.46 | at3g44300 (NIT2) | 16.35 | at5g54510 (GH3.6) | 3.00 |
at1g10810 | 4.09 | at5g55250 (IAMT1) | 2.62 | at4g36110 | 4.11 |
at5g13320 (PBS3) | 4.09 | at3g15450 | 6.61 | at1g17345 | 2.57 |
at5g54510 GH3.6 | 2.78 | at2g23170 (GH3.3) | 15.67 | at4g37390 (YDK1/GH3.2) | 5.77 |
at1g17345 | 2.48 | at1g10810 | 3.26 | at2g04850 | 2.06 |
at2g04850 | 2.69 | at5g13320 (PBS3) | 6.08 | at4g12410 | 2.09 |
at4g12410 | 3.37 | at1g60730 | 2.48 | at5g13370 | 4.57 |
at5g01100 | 2.93 | at4g27450 | 3.94 | ||
at1g77690 (LAX3) | 0.37 | at3g10870 (MES17) | 0.49 | at3g12955 | 0.34 |
at5g47530 | 0.29 | at1g05560 (UGT1) | 0.45 | at3g02250 | 0.45 |
at4g17280 | 0.17 | at1g77690 (LAX3) | 0.42 | at4g00880 | 0.30 |
at1g16510 | 0.48 | at5g16530 (PIN5) | 0.42 | at1g19830 | 0.26 |
at2g14960 | 0.24 | at1g73590 (PIN1) | 0.47 | at3g61900 | 0.45 |
at3g02250 | 0.46 | at5g47530 | 0.21 | at1g14970 | 0.31 |
at4g00880 | 0.46 | at4g17280 | 0.21 | at3g61750 | 0.25 |
at3g61750 | 0.34 | at3g43120 | 0.34 | at5g65470 | 0.41 |
at1g28130 (GH3.17) | 0.27 | at3g47620 (AtTCP14) | 0.40 | at4g34750 (SAUR_E) | 0.31 |
at3g25290 | 0.31 | at2g04852 | 0.49 | ||
at2g34680 (AIR9) | 0.42 | at4g12980 | 0.39 | ||
WRKY transcription factors | |||||
at4g31800 (WRKY18) | 2.38 | at1g69810 (WRKY36) | 2.05 | at1g69310 (WRKY57) | 1.69 |
at5g46350 (WRKY8) | 3.85 | at4g31800 (WRKY18) | 2.76 | at3g56400 (WRKY70) | 2.48 |
at2g25000 (WRKY60) | 4.09 | at5g46350 (WRKY8) | 4.19 | at5g64810 (WRKY51) | 4.65 |
at1g80590 (WRKY66) | 4.13 | at1g66600 (WRKY63) | 6.33 | at1g80590 (WRKY66) | 3.18 |
at2g47260 (WRKY23) | 4.09 | at4g23810 (WRKY53) | 3.01 | at5g26170 (ATWRKY50) | 2.96 |
at4g22070 (WRKY31) | 3.19 | at2g23320 (WRKY15) | 2.31 | at5g49520 (WRKY48) | 1.90 |
at4g23550 (WRKY29) | 2.83 | at2g47260 (WRKY23) | 6.37 | ||
at2g25000 (WRKY60) | 3.91 | at4g22070 (WRKY31) | 4.67 | ||
at1g18860 (WRKY61) | 4.38 | at1g62300 (WRKY6) | 3.73 | ||
at5g13080 (WRKY75) | 3.47 | at5g24110 (WRKY30) | 3.15 | ||
at5g01900 (WRKY62) | 5.49 | at1g80840 (WRKY40) | 6.85 | ||
at5g52830 (WRKY27) | 0.45 | at4g39410 (WRKY13) | 0.50 | at2g37260 (WRKY44) | 0.34 |
at3g58720 | 0.48 | at5g52830 (WRKY27) | 0.34 | at2g44745 | 0.47 |
at2g34830 (WRKY35) | 0.46 | at2g34830 (WRKY35) | 0.44 |
NIL9 | tmNIL130 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene | FC | Gene | FC | Gene | FC |
Redox homeostasis | |||||
at1g69880 (ATH8) | 5.95 | at1g69880 (ATH8) | 7.52 | at3g02870 (VTC4) | 2.60 |
at5g61440 (ACHT5) | 2.79 | at1g19730 (ATH4) | 3.45 | at1g63460 | 2.04 |
at4g39830 | 4.77 | at5g61440 (ACHT5) | 3.45 | at2g31570 (ATGPX2) | 2.45 |
at1g20630 | 2.82 | at5g16400 (TRXF2) | 2.46 | at2g16060 (GLB1) | 3.65 |
at1g21750 (ATPDIL1-1) | 2.58 | at1g03850 | 5.63 | ||
at3g19010 | 2.40 | at4g15700 | 4.01 | ||
at2g43350 (ATGPX3) | 2.24 | at1g32760 | 2.01 | ||
at4g39830 | 5.01 | at1g20630 (CAT1) | 2.62 | ||
at4g09010 (APX4) | 3.47 | at5g17770 (CBR1) | 2.30 | ||
at4g08390 (SAPX) | 2.54 | ||||
at4g33040 | 0.44 | at3g20560 (ATPDIL5-3) | 0.48 | at4g33040 | 0.31 |
at5g11930 | 0.33 | at4g18260 | 0.16 | at5g11930 | 0.26 |
at3g19000 | 0.44 | at2g47870 | 0.41 | ||
at5g21100 | 0.37 | at4g25100 (FSD1) | 0.23 | ||
at2g47880 | 0.24 | at1g31170 (SRX) | 0.45 | ||
Peroxidases | |||||
at3g49120 (ATPERX34) | 2.51 | at5g19880 | 2.53 | at1g49570 | 5.56 |
at2g37130 (PER21) | 4.44 | at5g19890 | 4.38 | at2g34060 | 2.20 |
at1g71695 (PER12) | 2.29 | at3g49120 (ATPERX34) | 2.36 | at5g64110 | 4.40 |
at5g15180 | 6.40 | at2g37130 (PER21) | 3.78 | at5g64100 | 6.12 |
at5g64110 | 3.77 | at1g71695 (PER12) | 3.00 | at5g05340 | 3.91 |
at5g51890 | 24.95 | at4g37520 (PER50) | 2.98 | at4g33420 | 3.14 |
at5g64120 | 11.16 | at5g51890 | 18.62 | ||
at5g39580 | 6.27 | at1g05240 | 2.48 | ||
at5g15180 | 4.10 | ||||
at5g67400 | 0.09 | at1g68850 | 0.26 | ||
at5g14130 | 0.31 | at5g42180 (PER64) | 0.21 | ||
at5g06720 | 0.46 | ||||
at1g30870 | 0.33 | ||||
at5g42180 (PER64) | 0.26 | ||||
at1g44970 | 0.11 | ||||
at1g05250 | 0.15 | ||||
at1g05240 | 0.13 | ||||
Glutathione-S-transferases | |||||
at5g02780 | 7.93 | at1g02920 (ATGSTF7) | 4.38 | at1g14550 | 5.27 |
at2g29440 (ATGSTU6) | 6.41 | at2g29470 (ATGSTU3) | 8.22 | at1g14540 | 6.54 |
at3g09270: (ATGSTU8) | 3.21 | at4g19880 | 2.23 | at3g09270 (ATGSTU8) | 3.94 |
at1g17180 (ATGSTU25) | 3.02 | at1g17170 (ATGSTU24) | 2.26 | at1g17180 (ATGSTU25) | 2.19 |
at1g69930 (ATGSTU11) | 2.05 | at5g02780 | 3.33 | at1g69930: (ATGSTU11) | 6.67 |
at2g29440 (ATGSTU6) | 8.74 | at1g02930 (ATGSTF6) | 5.20 | ||
at4g02520 (ATGSTF2) | 2.74 | at2g29480 (ATGSTU2) | 4.03 | ||
at2g02930 (ATGSTF3) | 4.33 | at2g29450 (ATGSTU5) | 2.83 | ||
at1g69920 (ATGSTU12) | 5.13 | ||||
at1g74590 (ATGSTU10) | 4.16 | ||||
at1g49860 (ATGSTF14) | 0.19 | at3g03190 (ATGSTF11) | 0.27 | ||
at1g78370 (ATGSTU20) | 0.20 | at1g78370 (ATGSTU20) | 0.24 | ||
at1g10360 (ATGSTU18) | 0.44 | ||||
at5g62480: (ATGSTU9) | 0.39 | ||||
at5g17220: (ATGSTF12) | 0.10 |
4. Concluding Remarks
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Häffner, E.; Konietzki, S.; Diederichsen, E. Keeping Control: The Role of Senescence and Development in Plant Pathogenesis and Defense. Plants 2015, 4, 449-488. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants4030449
Häffner E, Konietzki S, Diederichsen E. Keeping Control: The Role of Senescence and Development in Plant Pathogenesis and Defense. Plants. 2015; 4(3):449-488. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants4030449
Chicago/Turabian StyleHäffner, Eva, Sandra Konietzki, and Elke Diederichsen. 2015. "Keeping Control: The Role of Senescence and Development in Plant Pathogenesis and Defense" Plants 4, no. 3: 449-488. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants4030449