Next Article in Journal
Productive Disruptions: Rethinking the Role of Off-Task Interactions in Collaborative Mathematics Learning
Previous Article in Journal
Myths of Priority and Unity in Mathematics Learning
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Investigation of Constraints that Occur during Participation in Leisure Activities by High School Students: A Sample of Turkey

1
Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sakarya University, 54050 Sakarya, Turkey
2
School of Physical Education and Sports, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
3
School of Physical Education and Sports, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Turkey
4
Institute of Education Sciences, Sakarya University, 54050 Sakarya, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Educ. Sci. 2018, 8(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8020086
Submission received: 2 May 2018 / Revised: 17 May 2018 / Accepted: 5 June 2018 / Published: 10 June 2018

Abstract

:
The aim of this research was to determine the factors that may prevent high school students from participating in recreational activities and to investigate whether these factors differ within the scope of various variables. This study consisted of 1459 (681 women and 778 men) student volunteers who are educated to high school level. The easy sampling method was preferred in the present study. The face-to-face survey method was used to collect the data. The “Leisure Constraints Scale” developed by Alexandris and Carroll (1997) and adapted to Turkish by Gürbüz, Öncü, and Emir (2012) was used to determine the factors that might prevent individuals from participating in leisure activities. The data obtained for the research were first transferred to a computer and then analyzed by the SPSS program. The error margin level in the study was taken as p < 0.05. The Cronbach alpha of the study was found to be 0.91. As a result, it was found that women participated in leisure activities more than men. It was also observed that the participants met with more leisure constraints in Turkey’s eastern regions.

1. Introduction

Today’s education system is aimed not just at future professions. Schools are obliged not only to provide information but also to socialize the individual. In this respect, leisure education is given importance by education institutions regarding evaluation of non-school hours of students. Where leisure education is not emphasized, individuals face various obstacles and use time inefficiently.
Time is a process in which events follow each other from the past to the future and continue uninterrupted beyond the control of the individual [1]. Karaküçük (2005) emphasized that time is life, and that the passage of time is equivalent to the passing of life [2]. Leisure time is defined as the period not spent for sleeping, eating, and doing other compulsory jobs for the individual [3,4,5]. This time, which one can freely use for participation in recreational activities, must be outside of work time and compulsory needs [6]. Time availability and time management are critical to the organization of leisure [7]. Sivan (1997) defined this time as “a lifelong learning process that helps people achieve through socially acceptable leisure activities their fullest leisure potential and desirable quality of life.” [8]. Time can be manipulated according to our needs [9]. The need for recreational activities has an essential place among these needs. Leisure time is becoming increasingly important and at the center of almost everybody’s life. Increasing levels of social welfare and better living conditions increase the leisure time of individuals in the society [10]. According to Demir and Demir (2007), leisure and recreational activities are a serious problem for every segment of society [11]. According to Kenioua and Boumasjed, (2016), students participate in recreational activities, improve their mental health as well as their positive contribution to behavior and personality [12]. Leisure activities provide students with positive social behaviors and a quality lifestyle, as well as protecting the young population from harmful habits [13,14,15]. The process of training of the young generation to target proactive behaviors and attitudes is one of the primary goals of promoting leisure activities based on diversification of motivation, improvement of physical fitness and enhancement of motor skills [16,17,18]. Despite these positive contributions to recreational activities, it is observed that individuals do not participate in such activities, for reasons that are very important for them, or they cannot attend due to various obstacles [19].
The notion of “barriers” as expressed here refers to the reasons that prevent or restrict the individual’s participation in leisure activities during leisure time and are encountered by the individual [19]. It is possible to talk about many social aspects in understanding the factors that prevent individuals from participating in leisure activities. These factors have been interpreted differently by different scientists. For example, regarding attendance to recreational events, Alexandris and Carroll (1997) found age, Gratton (2000) found income level, Ekinci et al. (2014) found gender as constraints [20,21,22].
The literature is full of analysis extolling the role of schools, colleges, and universities in promoting leisure education and developing the leisure attitudes, values, and skills of young people [23,24]. Yet the potential of school systems to constrain the pursuit of leisure remains an unexplored frontier [25]. Considering this information, the aim of this study is to determine the factors that may prevent high school students from participating in leisure activities and examine them in terms of various variables.

2. Materials and Methods

This section includes the model, the group, the data collection tool, analyses, methods, and techniques related to the data.

2.1. Research Model

The research was based on quantitative research design and a descriptive cross-sectional study. A general screening model was applied to arrive at a general judgment about the population, in which the whole population, or a sample taken from it, was scanned [26].

2.2. Research Sample

The research sample consisted of total 1459 (681 women and 778 men) student volunteers who have been educated to high school level in seven different regions of Turkey. The average age of participants was 16.48 ± 1.16 years. The participants were from the Aegean region (13.2%), Southeastern Anatolia region (12.4%), Mediterranean region (12.7%), Black Sea region (14.8%), Marmara region (15.5%), Central Anatolia region (16.1%), and Eastern Anatolia region (15.3%) in Turkey. All participants were informed of the research procedures, purposes of the investigation, and gave their written consent prior to participation. There are approximately 3,798,000 students attending formal education in Turkey [27]. According to Yazicioglu and Erdoğan (2004), the evaluation of a population of 1 million people can be evaluated with a sample group of 384 people. In this respect, the population of our study is in line with the sample [28]. The research sample of the current study was chosen according to the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics [29].

2.3. Data Collection Tools

In this study, the “Leisure Constraints Scale” developed by Alexandris and Carroll (1997) and adapted to Turkish by Gürbüz, Öncü, and Emir (2012) was used to determine the factors that might prevent individuals from participating in leisure activities [20,30]. It is an 18-item and 4-point Likert-type measure evaluating the factors that prevent participation in recreational activities. For each question, options were: 1: “Absolutely insignificant”; 2: “Insignificant”; 3: “Important”; 4: “Very Important” and participants were asked to select the most appropriate option from the research group. The Leisure Time Constraints Scale is collected under 6 sub-scales. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients for the total scale was found to be 0.85. The Cronbach alpha reliability was found to be 0.91 in the current study.

2.4. Analysis of Data

For the data obtained in the study, the SPSS package program was used and frequency (f) and percent (%) distributions of the variables were calculated. The histograms, Skewness and Kurtosis values were checked to ensure normal distribution of the data. Skewness and Kurtosis were valued to be −2 to +2 [31]. Therefore, the t-test and the ANOVA test were used. The Scheffe test was used for multiple comparisons. Significance was set at p < 0.05 and results were considered significant with 95% confidence interval.

3. Results

In this section, findings about variables of the study are included. Findings showing the distributions of the participant students according to their personal qualities were examined and interpreted.
Table 1 shows that there was a statistically significant difference between gender variables and sub-scales of the leisure constraints scale (individual psychology, lack of information, facilities/service, lack of friends, time, lack of interest) (p < 0.05). It was determined that the average scores in all sub-scales for women was higher than men.
Table 2 shows the results of the ANOVA test according to the region variable of participants. According to the region, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference sub-scales of the leisure constraints scale (individual psychology, lack of information, facilities/service, lack of friends, time, lack of interest) (p < 0.05).
Table 3 shows the results of the ANOVA test according to the weekly leisure time variance of participants. According to this, there was a statistically significant difference between students having weekly leisure time and individual psychology, lack of information and facilities/service sub-scales (p < 0.05).
Table 4 shows the ANOVA test results according to the level of welfare level felt by the participants. According to this, there is a statistically significant difference between the level of prosperity felt by the students and the lack of friendship sub-scale.
According to Table 5, there was not a statistically significant difference between the sports participation of the students and sub-scales of the leisure constraints scale (individual psychology, lack of information, facilities/service, lack of friends, time, lack of interest) (p > 0.05).

4. Discussion

In this study, determining the factors that may prevent students from participating in recreational activities, these constraints have been investigated under various variables. In this context, high school students who study in 7 different regions of Turkey have been examined to observe whether there is a significant difference between leisure constraints scale and gender, living area, welfare level and sport participation status.
Many factors affect participation in recreational activities. Gender, one of these factors, is an important part of the social activity that restricts the participation of individuals in recreational activities [32] and plays an important role in participation in leisure activities [33].
When the results of the t-test were analyzed according to the gender variable of the participants, it was found that there were significant differences between all the sub-scales of leisure constraints scale, and women participants had the highest constraints score in all sub-scales.
There are many existing studies that have reported a significant difference in leisure constraints based on gender, and it has been found that women are more likely to experience constraints than men [34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. When the related studies are examined, it is seen that women face more constraints than men in the same situation in the direction of the results of this study. It is thought that this may be because families do not give enough support for girls’ participation in recreational activities, because society represses girls and girls cannot participate in activities freely [41,42,43].
When the analysis results were examined according to the region variable of the participants, significant differences were found between all the sub-scales of the leisure constraints scales and region. This result has different causes. In western regions, recreation education is given more importance than in eastern regions. Western regions have more facilities for leisure activities than the eastern regions [44]. As there are cultural differences between regions, and attitudes towards recreation is changing. Individuals living in the eastern regions face more barriers to recreational facilities than those living in western regions. This is thought to be because the land in rural areas is less suitable than the urban areas in terms of facilities and that the number of people living in rural areas is lower than those living in urban areas. This is because the rural areas are less favorable in terms of facilities [45,46,47]. According to Arbel et al. (2009), Participation in recreational activities in areas with low income levels was less due to facility costs [48]. When the results were analyzed according to the weekly leisure time of the participants, significant differences were found in the individual psychology, lack of information and facility, which are sub-scales of the leisure constraints scale. In the individual psychology and lack of information sub-scales, the highest constraint score is reached in individuals who do not have enough free time each week (6–10 h). Since leisure time activities have positive effects on the mental health of the individual [49,50,51], participants with sufficient leisure time are thought to have lower scores of individual psychological barriers than other participants. It was thought that the constraints score for lack of information sub-scale was high in participants with limited free time, which might have been because attendees did not attend recreation education due to lack of time.
When the ANOVA analysis results were analyzed according to the welfare level of the participants, it was determined that scale of leisure constraints had a significant difference in the lack of friends sub-scale. As the level of welfare declines, it is seen that the barrier scores for lack of friends sub-scale increased. There were significant differences in individual psychology, lack of information, time, lack of interest, and facility sub-scales in some studies conducted in the related literature [41,52]. In some studies, it has been found that the level of income for participation in recreational activities is significant. It can be said that the living standards of the individuals with high income level increase directly or indirectly [19,21,53]. It is seen that the results in related literature do not show similar results with this study. It is suggested that this is because other studies are applied to age groups that are different from the age groups applied in this study. When results were analyzed according to participants’ sporting situations, it was determined that there was no significant difference in individual psychology, lack of information, lack of time, and lack of interest, which are sub-scales of leisure constraints scales. The study conducted by Alexandris and Carroll (1997) on university students is the result of a lack of knowledge by participants of sporting events [20]. In the study conducted by Soyer et al. (2017), there was a significant difference in the lack of interest sub-scale of leisure constraints scale [54]. In the study carried out by Emir (2012), there was a significant difference between the individual psychology and lack of interest sub-scales of the leisure time scale [55]. The results in the relevant studies do not seem to match the results of this study in terms of the relevant variables. According to the results of this research, women participants seem to be much more constrained than men. Therefore, to remove these obstacles, the following should be provided: (i) enough information about leisure activities with women participants; (ii) the necessary facilities by various institutions to achieve female participation regularly; and (iii) to give the opportunity for families to participate in these activities.

5. Conclusions

The barrier that participants experience to their leisure time is increasing towards the eastern regions. In the regions located in the east, increasing the number of necessary facilities, raising awareness of the mental and physical benefits of leisure activities of the people in the community, and raising awareness in this regard can significantly reduce the factors that prevent individuals from participating in leisure activities. This study was applied to a large audience in Turkey, regarding the reduction or elimination of constraints to participation in recreational activities. In particular, the literature will contribute to increasing recreational facilities, making them more accessible, and enabling all segments of society to benefit from these activities.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally on study design, data analyses, and manuscript drafting.

Acknowledgments

This study was presented as an oral presentation at International Congress of Recreation and Sports Management, 10–13 May 2018, Bodrum /Turkey.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Akatay, A. Örgütlerde zaman yönetimi. In Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi; Selcuk University: Konya, Turkey, 2003; pp. 281–300. (In Turkish) [Google Scholar]
  2. Karaküçük, S. Rekreasyon Boş Zamanları Değerlendirme, 6th ed.; Bağırgan Publication: Ankara, Turkey, 2008; ISBN 9755810485. [Google Scholar]
  3. Kemp, K.; Pearson, S. Leisure and Tourism; Longman Press: Harlow, UK, 1997; ISBN 0582292174. [Google Scholar]
  4. Howe, C.Z.; Carpenter, G.M. Programming Leisure Experiences: A Cyclical Approach; Prentice-Hall Inc.: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 1985; ISBN 0137292864. [Google Scholar]
  5. Parker, R.; Downie, G.R. Recreational therapy: A model for consideration. Ther. Recreat. J. 1981, 54, 22–27. [Google Scholar]
  6. Demirel, M.; Harmandar, D. Üniversite öğrencilerinin rekreasyonel etkinliklere katılımlarında engel oluşturabilecek faktörlerin belirlenmesi. Uluslar. İnsan Bilim. Derg. 2009, 6, 839–846. (In Turkish) [Google Scholar]
  7. Burston, M.A. I work and don’t have time for that theory stuff: Time poverty and higher education. J. Furth. High. Educ. 2017, 41, 516–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Sivan, A. Recent developments in leisure education research and implementation. World Leis. Recreat. 1997, 39, 41–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Barker, T.S. Time and the Digital: Connecting Technology, Aesthetics, and A Process Philosophy of Time; Dartmouth College Press: Hanover, Germany, 2012; ISBN 1611683009. [Google Scholar]
  10. Kurar, I.; Baltacı, F. People’s leisure habits review: Case of Alanya. Int. J. Sci. Cult. Sport 2014, 2, 39–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Demir, C.; Demir, N. Bireylerin boş zaman faaliyetlerine katılmalarını etkileyen faktörler ile cinsiyet arasındaki ilişki: Lisans öğrencilerine yönelik bir uygulama. Ege Akad. Bakış Derg. 2007, 6, 36–48. (In Turkish) [Google Scholar]
  12. Kenioua, M.; Boumasjed, A.E. Sport and mental health level among university students. Phys. Educ. Stud. 2016, 20, 39–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Tuncay, S. Türkiye’de gençlik sorunlarının psikolojik boyutu. Muğla Üniv. Sos. Bilim. Enst. Derg. 2000, 1, 244–251. (In Turkish) [Google Scholar]
  14. Leifa, A.V.; Zheleznyak, Y.D. Influence of physical activity on students’ life quality. Phys. Educ. Stud. 2017, 21, 244–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Richmond, D.; Sibthorp, J.; Gookin, J.; Annarella, S.; Ferri, S. Complementing classroom learning through outdoor adventure education: Out-of-school-time experiences that make a difference. J. Adventure Educ. Outdoor Learn. 2018, 18, 36–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Badau, A.; Badau, D.; Serban, C.; Tarcea, M.; Rus, V. Wellness integrative profile 10 (WIP10)—An integrative educational tool of nutrition, fitness and health. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2018, 68, 882–887. [Google Scholar]
  17. Badau, D. The educational impact of implementation the education through adventure discipline in physical education and sports academic curriculum. Phys. Educ. Stud. 2017, 21, 108–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Gorucu, A.; Tokay, B.; Badau, A. The effects of three different type of exercises on aerobic and anaerobic power. Phys. Educ. Stud. 2017, 21, 152–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Karaküçük, S.; Gürbüz, B. Rekreasyon ve Kent(li)leşme; Gazi Bookstore: Ankara, Turkey, 2007; ISBN 9944165525. [Google Scholar]
  20. Alexandris, K.; Carroll, B. Demographic differences ın the perception of constrains on recreational sport participation: Results from a study in Greece. Leis. Stud. 1997, 16, 107–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Gratton, C.; Taylor, P. Economics of Sport And Recreation, 2nd ed.; Sport Pres: London, UK, 2000; ISBN 0419189602. [Google Scholar]
  22. Ekinci, N.E.; Kalkavan, A.; Üstün, Ü.D.; Gündüz, B. Üniversite öğrencilerinin sportif ve sportif olmayan rekreatif etkinliklere katılmalarına engel olabilecek unsurların incelenmesi. Sport. Bakış Spor Eğit. Bilim. Derg. 2014, 1, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
  23. Jordan, K.A.; Gagnon, R.J.; Anderson, D.M.; Pilcher, J.J. Enhancing the college student experience: Outcomes of a leisure education program. J. Exp. Educ. 2018, 41, 90–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Kawabata, M.; Chua, K.L.; Chatzisarantis, N.L. A school-based intervention program in promoting leisure-time physical activity: Trial protocol. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Yankholmes, A.K.B.; Lin, S. Leisure and education in Ghana: An exploratory study of university students’ leisure lifestyles. World Leis. J. 2012, 54, 58–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Karasar, N. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi, 28th ed.; Nobel Academic Publication: Ankara, Turkey, 2015; ISBN 6055426583. [Google Scholar]
  27. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Öğrenci Sayısı. Available online: http://www.meb.gov.tr/ogrenci-sayisi-17-milyon-588-bine-yukseldi/haber/10675/tr (accessed on 30 January 2018).
  28. Yazıcıoğlu, Y.; Erdoğan, S. Spss Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 4th ed.; Detay Yayıncılık: Ankara, Turkey, 2014; ISBN 9758326988. [Google Scholar]
  29. Sengül, Ü.; Shiraz, S.E.; Eren, M. Economic activities of regions of level 2 according to statistical regional units classification (NUTS) in turkey determining by using dea and tobit model application. Çan. Onsekiz Mart Univ. J. Adm. Sci. 2013, 11, 75. [Google Scholar]
  30. Gürbüz, B.; Öncü, E.; Emir, E. Leisure constraints questionnaire: Testing the construct validity. In Proceedings of the 12th International Sport Sciences Congress, Denizli, Turkey, 12–14 December 2012; Tuncay, O.L., Ed.; Medula: Denizli, Turkey, 2012; pp. 339–343. [Google Scholar]
  31. George, D.; Mallery, M.P. Using SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 4th ed.; Allyn & Bacon: Boston, MA, USA, 2002; ISBN 0205375529. [Google Scholar]
  32. Culp, R.H. Adolescent girls and outdoor recreation: A case study examing constraints and effective programming. J. Leis. Res. 1998, 30, 356–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Moccia, F.D. Plannig time: An emergent european practice. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2000, 8, 367–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Shaw, S. Gender, leisure and constraints: Towards a framework for the analysis of women’s leisure. J. Leis. Res. 1994, 26, 8–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Jackson, E.L.; Henderson, K. Gender-based analysis of leisure constraints. Leis. Sci. 1995, 17, 31–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Misra, R.; McKean, M. College students’ academic stress and its relation to their anxiety, time management and leisure satisfaction. Am. J. Health Stud. 2000, 16, 41–52. [Google Scholar]
  37. Han, W.J. Leisure Participation and Constraints: The Case of Korean Americans. Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
  38. Jackson, E.L. Constraints to Leisure; Venture Publication, Inc.: State College, PA, USA, 2005; ISBN 1892132540. [Google Scholar]
  39. Santos, M.S.; Hino, A.A.; Reis, R.S.; Rodriguez-Anez, C.R. Prevalence of barriers for physical activity in adolescents. Rev. Bras. Epidemiol. 2010, 13, 94–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Dias, D.F.; Loch, M.R.; Ronque, E.V. Perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity and associated factors in adolescents. Cienc. Saude Colet. 2015, 20, 3339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  41. Ayhan, C.; Eskiler, E.; Soyer, F. Aktif sporcuların rekreatif etkinliklere katılımlarına engel oluşturabilecek faktörlerin yaşam tatmini ve yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisi. In Proceedings of the ERPA International Congresses on Education, Budapest, Hungary, 18–21 May 2017; Çalışkan, H., Önder, I., Beşoluk, S., Eds.; Edugarden: Sakarya, Turkey, 2017; pp. 164–175. [Google Scholar]
  42. Raymore, L.; Godbey, G.; Crawford, D. Self-esteem, gender, and socioeconomic status: Their relation to perception of constraint on leisure among adolescents. J. Leis. Res. 1994, 2, 99–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Harrington, M.; Dawson, D. Who has it best? Women’s labour force participation, perceptions of leisure and constraints to enjoyment of leisure. J. Leis. Res. 1995, 27, 4–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Available online: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1013 (accessed on 5 February 2018).
  45. Demirdöğen, A.; Ören, M.N.; Alemdar, T. Türkiye’de Tarim Politikalari Kapsaminda Saglanan Destekler Ve Kirsal Yoksulluk. In Proceedings of the Ulusal Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi, Konya, Turkey, 5–7 Semptember 2012; Oğuz, C., Bayramoğlu, Z., Karakayacı, Z., Eds.; Tarımsal Yayım ve Haberleşme: Konya, Turkey, 2012; pp. 85–94. [Google Scholar]
  46. Kartal, N.; Demirhan, Y. Türkiye’de Kentsel Yoksulluğun Kırsal Nedenleri ve Çözüm Önerileri Üzerine. Cumhur. Üniv. İktis. İdari Bilim. Derg. 2014, 15, 135–154. (In Turkish) [Google Scholar]
  47. Edwards, M.B.; Theriault, D.S.; Shores, K.A.; Melton, K.M. Promoting youth physical activity in rural southern communities: Practitioner perceptions of environmental opportunities and barriers. J. Rural Health 2014, 30, 379–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Arbel, J.; Wood, L.J.; Howat, P.; Giles-Corti, B. The class is always cheaper on the other side: Socioeconomic discrepancies in the cost of using recreational facilities. Ann. Leis. Res. 2009, 12, 83–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Kara, A.; İzci, E.; Murathan, F. Beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin serbest zamanlarını değerlendirme alışkanlıkları ve öğrenmeye ilişkin tutumları. E-J. New World Sci. Acad. 2011, 6, 958–987. (In Turkish) [Google Scholar]
  50. Gümüş, H.; Özgül, S.A. Development of scales for barriers to participation and preference factors in the use of recreation area. J. Hum. Sci. 2017, 14, 865–882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Karakaş, G.; Kolayiş, İ.E.; Eskiler, E. Yüzme Egzersizine Katılan Kadınların Egzersiz Motivasyonlarının İncelenmesi. In Proceedings of the III Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Kongresi, Eskişehir, Turkey, 5–7 November 2015; Şimşek, K.Y., Tütüncü, O., Eds.; Karaca Turism: Eskişehir, Turkey, 2015; pp. 534–543. [Google Scholar]
  52. Tolukan, E.; Yılmaz, B. Özel yetenekle ilgili bölümlerde okuyan öğrencilerin rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılımlarına engel olabilecek unsurların belirlenmesi. Int. J. Sci. Cult. Sport 2014, 525–539. (In Turkish) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Dong, E.; Chick, G. Leisure constraints in six Chinese cities. Leis. Sci. 2012, 34, 417–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Soyer, F.; Yıldız, N.O.; Harmandar Demirel, D.; Serdar, E.; Demirel, M.; Ayhan, C.; Demirhan, Ö. Üniversite öğrencilerinin rekreatif etkinliklere katılımlarına engel teşkil eden faktörler ile katılımcıların yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. J. Hum. Sci. 2017, 14, 2035–2046. (In Turkish) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Emir, E. Rekreatif Etkinliklere Katılımın Önündeki Engellerin Belirlenmesi: Üniversite Öğrencileri Örneği. Master’s Thesis, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon, Turkey, 2012. (In Turkish). [Google Scholar]
Table 1. t-Test results of students according to gender status variable.
Table 1. t-Test results of students according to gender status variable.
Leisure Constraints ScaleGenderN x ¯ Sd.tp
Individual PsychologyWomen6812.800.686.050.00 **
Men7782.580.74
Lack of InformationWomen6812.810.754.540.00 **
Men7782.630.78
Facilities/ServiceWomen6812.820.624.060.00 **
Men7782.680.69
Lack of FriendsWomen6812.620.793.590.00 **
Men7782.480.78
TimeWomen6812.770.714.840.00 **
Men7782.590.71
Lack of InterestWomen6812.650.814.880.00 **
Men7782.450.82
** p < 0.01.
Table 2. Difference analysis of the regional variables of the students.
Table 2. Difference analysis of the regional variables of the students.
Sum of Squareddf.Mean SquaredFpPost-Hoc Test Results
Individual PsychologyBetween Groups327.49654.586.790.000 **D-B, D-G,
E-B, E-F, E-G
Within Group11,669.9814528.04
Total11,997.461458
Lack of InformationBetween Groups394.05665.674.450.000 **E-A, E-B, E-C
Within Group21,428.96145214.76
Total21,823.011458
Facilities/ServiceBetween Groups814.956135.834.940.000 **E-B, E-C, E-G
F-B, F-G
Within Group39,871.33145227.46
Total40,686.281458
Lack of FriendsBetween Groups144.96624.164.350.000 **E-A, E-B,
E-C, E-D, E-G
Within Group8048.7914525.54
Total8193.741458
TimeBetween Groups195.35632.564.040.001 **E-B, E-C, E-G
Within Group11,695.8114528.05
Total11,891.161458
Lack of InterestBetween Groups114.12619.023.180.004 **B-F
Within Group8671.2314525.97
Total8785.351458
A: Aegean Region; B: Southeast Anatolia Region; C: Mediterranean Region; D: Black Sea Region; E: Marmara Region; F: Central Anatolia Region; G: Eastern Anatolia Region. ** p < 0.01.
Table 3. Difference analysis of the leisure time variable of students per week.
Table 3. Difference analysis of the leisure time variable of students per week.
Sum of Squareddf.Mean SquaredFpPost-Hoc Test Results
Individual PsychologyBetween Groups144.12436.034.420.001 **E-A, E-B
Within Group11,853.3414548.15
Total11,997.461458
Lack of InformationBetween Groups240.65460.164.050.003 **B-E
Within Group21,582.36145414.84
Total21,823.011458
Facilities/ServiceBetween Groups388.86497.223.500.007 **C-E
Within Group40,297.42145427.71
Total40,686.281458
Lack of FriendsBetween Groups27.4146.851.220.300-
Within Group8166.3314545.62
Total8193.741458
TimeBetween Groups31.8547.960.970.419-
Within Group11,859.3114548.16
Total11,891.161458
Lack of InterestBetween Groups46.80411.701.940.100-
Within Group8738.5514546.01
Total8785.351458
A: 1–5 h; B: 6–10 h; C: 11–15 h; D: 16–20 h; E: 21 h and over. ** p < 0.01.
Table 4. Difference analysis of variance of welfare level felt by students.
Table 4. Difference analysis of variance of welfare level felt by students.
Sum of Squareddf.Mean SquaredFpPost-Hoc Test Results
Individual PsychologyBetween Groups46.93411.731.420.223-
Within Group11,950.5414548.22
Total11,997.461458
Lack of InformationBetween Groups110.13427.531.840.118-
Within Group21,712.88145414.93
Total21,823.011458
Facilities/ServiceBetween Groups198.32449.581.780.130-
Within Group40,487.96145427.85
Total40,686.281458
Lack of FriendsBetween Groups57.78414.442.580.036*C-E
Within Group8135.9714545.60
Total8193.741458
TimeBetween Groups43.10410.781.320.259-
Within Group11,848.0614548.15
Total11,891.161458
Lack of InterestBetween Groups16.0844.020.660.615-
Within Group8769.2714546.03
Total8785.351458
A: Very bad; B: Bad; C: Normal; D: Good; E: Very good. * p < 0.05.
Table 5. Results of t-test according to the students’ sports participation.
Table 5. Results of t-test according to the students’ sports participation.
Leisure Constraints ScaleSport ParticipationN x ¯ Sd.tp
Individual PsychologyYes8922.660.72−1.460.14
No5672.710.71
Lack of InformationYes8922.720.770.700.47
No5672.690.78
Facilities/ServiceYes8922.740.65−0.060.94
No5672.740.68
Lack of FriendsYes8922.550.790.100.91
No5672.540.79
TimeYes8922.680.710.840.39
No5672.650.72
Lack of InterestYes8922.520.83−1.650.09
No5672.590.80

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ayhan, C.; Ekinci, N.E.; Yalçın, İ.; Yiğit, Ş. Investigation of Constraints that Occur during Participation in Leisure Activities by High School Students: A Sample of Turkey. Educ. Sci. 2018, 8, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8020086

AMA Style

Ayhan C, Ekinci NE, Yalçın İ, Yiğit Ş. Investigation of Constraints that Occur during Participation in Leisure Activities by High School Students: A Sample of Turkey. Education Sciences. 2018; 8(2):86. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8020086

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ayhan, Cihan, Nurullah Emir Ekinci, İlimdar Yalçın, and Şıhmehmet Yiğit. 2018. "Investigation of Constraints that Occur during Participation in Leisure Activities by High School Students: A Sample of Turkey" Education Sciences 8, no. 2: 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8020086

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop