Self-Reported Sleep during the COVID Lockdown in a Sample of UK University Students and Staff
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. COVID Survey
2.2. Sleep
2.3. Alcohol Consumption during Lockdown
2.4. Self-Efficacy
2.5. WEMWBS
3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Alcohol Consumption
4.2. Self-Efficacy
4.3. Health and Well-Being
4.4. Sleep Scores
4.5. COVID Daily Routine
4.6. Regression Findings
5. Discussion
5.1. Impact and Possible Future Research
5.2. Strengths and Limitations
5.3. Recommendation for Practice as a Result of the Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 631 | 26.9 |
Female | 1710 | 73.1 |
Classification | ||
Students | 1972 | 84.2 |
University Staff | 369 | 15.8 |
Student Status (n = 1962) | ||
First Year | 779 | 39.7 |
Second Year | 409 | 20.8 |
Third Year | 359 | 18.3 |
Masters Level | 364 | 18.6 |
Doctorate | 51 | 2.8 |
Highest Educational Status | ||
GCSE only or no qualifications | 583 | 24.9 |
BTEC/Access/Further Education or equivalent | 977 | 41.8 |
A Level or equivalent | 152 | 6.5 |
University or College Degree | 362 | 15.5 |
MSc/MA Degree | 15 | <1 |
Doctorate | 251 | 10.7 |
Ethnicity | ||
White | 2114 | 90.5 |
Asian | 137 | 5.9 |
Mixed | 85 | 3.6 |
Carers | 367 | 15.7 |
Mean | SD | |
Age | 29.3 | 12.9 |
NHP Sleep prior to Lockdown (n = 1808) | 1.7 | 1.4 |
NHP Sleep during lockdown (n = 1798) | 1.9 | 1.4 |
Self-Efficacy (n = 1598) | 30.5 | 5.2 |
WEMWBS (Health and Well-Being) (n = 1571) | 45.1 | 10.8 |
Variable | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|
I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough (n = 1631) | 3.31 | 0.64 |
If someone opposes me, I can find means and ways to get what I want (n = 1627) | 2.68 | 0.76 |
It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals (n = 1624) | 3.00 | 0.72 |
I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events (n = 1629) | 3.04 | 0.75 |
Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen circumstances (n = 1629) | 3.00 | 0.72 |
I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort (n = 1628) | 3.31 | 0.66 |
I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my coping abilities (n = 1624) | 3.00 | 0.84 |
When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually find several solutions (n = 1627) | 3.04 | 0.71 |
If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution (n = 1626) | 3.11 | 0.69 |
I can usually handle whatever comes my way (n = 1626) | 3.07 | 0.73 |
Variable | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|
I’ve been feeling optimistic about the future | 3.11 | 1.01 |
I’ve been feeling useful | 3.14 | 1.07 |
I’ve been feeling relaxed | 2.98 | 1.04 |
I’ve been feeling interested in other people | 3.19 | 1.07 |
I’ve had energy to spare | 2.96 | 1.11 |
I’ve been dealing with problems well | 3.34 | 0.97 |
I’ve been thinking clearly | 3.34 | 1.00 |
I’ve been feeling good about myself | 3.10 | 1.11 |
I’ve been feeling close to other people | 3.11 | 1.08 |
I’ve been feeling confident | 3.13 | 1.07 |
I’ve been able to make my own mind about things | 3.56 | 0.99 |
I’ve been feeling loved | 3.57 | 1.12 |
I’ve been interested in new things | 3.37 | 1.08 |
I’ve been feeling cheerful | 3.18 | 1.03 |
Sleep Item | Prior to Lockdown (n = 1808) | During Lockdown (n = 1799) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
I usually take pills to help me sleep | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.26 | <0.001 |
I usually wake up in the early hours of the morning | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.50 | <0.001 |
I usually lie awake for most of the night | 0.30 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.48 | <0.001 |
It usually takes me a long time to get sleep | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.50 | <0.001 |
I usually sleep badly at night | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.49 | <0.001 |
B | Standard Error | t | 95% Confidence Intervals | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.000 | 0.004 | (−)0.104 | (−)0.007–0.007 | 0.917 |
Gender | 0.177 | 0.071 | 2.503 | 0.038–0.316 | 0.012 |
Student | 0.234 | 0.124 | 1.889 | (−)0.009–0.478 | 0.059 |
Educational Level | 0.080 | 0.029 | 2.767 | 0.023–0.137 | 0.006 |
Ethnicity | 0.057 | 0.061 | 0.928 | (−)0.063–0.176 | 0.353 |
Carer | 0.124 | 0.107 | 1.160 | (−)0.086–0.335 | 0.246 |
Alcohol Consumption | 0.117 | 0.032 | 3.648 | 0.054–0.181 | <0.001 |
Self-Efficacy | 0.014 | 0.008 | 1.715 | (−)0.002–0.030 | 0.087 |
WEMWBS | (−)0.020 | 0.005 | (−)4.525 | (−)0.029–(−)0.012 | <0.001 |
COVID Routine Items | |||||
I have/had an area where I can work away from other members of the household | (−)0.129 | 0.037 | (−)3.491 | (−)0.201–(−)0.056 | <0.001 |
I get/got up at my regular time | 0.025 | 0.044 | 0.533 | (−)0.062–0.111 | 0.580 |
I put on my work clothes/makeup | 0.184 | 0.071 | 2.596 | 0.045–0.323 | 0.010 |
I take/took regular breaks from a screen | (−)0.066 | 0.047 | (−)1.409 | (−)0.159–0.026 | 0.159 |
I plan/planned my day so that I can be away from online meetings | (−)0.036 | 0.049 | (−)0.726 | (−)0.132–0.061 | 0.468 |
I ensure/ensured I have a lunch break or similar | (−)0.038 | 0.041 | (−)0.927 | (−)0.119–0.043 | 0.354 |
I stop/stopped work at 5 p.m. | (−)0.033 | 0.042 | (−)0.798 | (−)0.115–0.049 | 0.425 |
When I stop/stopped work I do not look work communications | 0.058 | 0.040 | 1.439 | (−)0.021–0.137 | 0.151 |
I do/did not switch on the television or similar until a certain time. | 0.069 | 0.041 | 1.674 | (−)0.012–0.150 | 0.094 |
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Foster, J.H.; Rankin, S. Self-Reported Sleep during the COVID Lockdown in a Sample of UK University Students and Staff. Healthcare 2022, 10, 2083. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102083
Foster JH, Rankin S. Self-Reported Sleep during the COVID Lockdown in a Sample of UK University Students and Staff. Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):2083. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102083
Chicago/Turabian StyleFoster, John H., and Sandra Rankin. 2022. "Self-Reported Sleep during the COVID Lockdown in a Sample of UK University Students and Staff" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 2083. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102083