The Moderated Mediating Effect of Hope, Self-Efficacy and Resilience in the Relationship between Post-Traumatic Growth and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Self-Efficacy
1.2. Hope
1.3. Resilience
2. Aim of the Study
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Eligibility Criteria
3.2. Procedure
3.3. Participants
3.4. Measures
3.4.1. Symptoms of Anxiety, Stress and Depression
3.4.2. Posttraumatic Growth
3.4.3. Resilience
3.4.4. Self-Efficacy
3.4.5. Hope
3.5. Statistical Analysis and Sample Size
4. Results
4.1. Participants’ Characteristics
4.2. T-Test, Descriptives and Correlations
4.3. Mediation Model Analysis
4.4. Moderated Mediation Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Limitations of the Study
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 231 | (46.9) |
Female | 262 | (53.1) |
Education | ||
High School | 293 | (59.4) |
Graduate degree | 200 | (40.6) |
Relationship status | ||
Unmarried | 363 | (73.6) |
Married | 103 | (20.9) |
Separated/Divorced | 27 | (5.5) |
Occupation | ||
Employed | 198 | (40.2) |
Student | 295 | (59.8) |
Economic situation after COVID | ||
Worsened | 107 | (21.7) |
Unchanged | 352 | (71.4) |
Improved | 34 | (6.9) |
COVID-19 contagion | ||
Yes | 189 | (38.3) |
No | 304 | (61.7) |
Gender | COVID-19 Contagion | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension | Male | Female | t | p | Cohen’s d | Yes | No | t | p | Cohen’s d | |
Anxiety | M | 7.35 | 14.42 | −14.13 | <0.001 | −1.275 | 7.95 | 13.07 | −9.09 | <0.001 | −0.842 |
SD | 3.99 | 6.60 | 4.92 | 6.69 | |||||||
Depression | M | 7.81 | 14.63 | −12.20 | <0.001 | −1.101 | 8.31 | 13.38 | −8.25 | <0.001 | −0.764 |
SD | 5.55 | 6.71 | 5.60 | 7.19 | |||||||
Stress | M | 10.05 | 16.92 | −13.74 | <0.001 | −1.24 | 11.31 | 15.19 | −6.71 | <0.001 | −0.621 |
SD | 5.41 | 5.65 | 5.55 | 6.63 | |||||||
Resilience | M | 5.08 | 3.84 | 9.70 | <0.001 | 0.875 | 5.07 | 4.02 | 7.80 | <0.001 | 0.722 |
SD | 1.43 | 1.40 | 1.32 | 1.54 | |||||||
Hope | M | 83.71 | 82.50 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.054 | 84.08 | 82.43 | 0.79 | 0.426 | 0.074 |
SD | 23.40 | 21.40 | 22.76 | 22.09 | |||||||
Self-efficacy | M | 35.03 | 36.98 | −2.90 | <0.001 | −0.262 | 35.20 | 36.60 | −2.03 | 0.043 | −0.188 |
SD | 8.45 | 6.44 | 7.94 | 7.18 | |||||||
Post-traumatic growth | M | 50.86 | 39.79 | 6.12 | <0.001 | 0.552 | 49.99 | 41.86 | 4.30 | <0.001 | 0.398 |
SD | 22.77 | 17.27 | 23.71 | 18.05 |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Anxiety | 1 | ||||||
2. Depression | 0.728 ** | 1 | |||||
3. Stress | 0.723 ** | 0.785 ** | 1 | ||||
4. Resilience | −0.541 ** | −0.575 ** | −0.516 ** | 1 | |||
5. Self-efficacy | 0.059 | −0.042 | −0.001 | 0.281 ** | 1 | ||
6. Hope | −0.166 ** | −0.212 ** | −0.187 ** | 0.329 ** | 0.430 ** | 1 | |
7. Post-traumatic growth | −0.259 ** | −0.283 ** | −0.239 ** | 0.483 ** | 0.162 ** | 0.334 ** | 1 |
Mean | 11.11 | 11.43 | 13.70 | 4.42 | 36.06 | 83.07 | 44.98 |
Standard Deviation | 6.559 | 7.062 | 6.510 | 1.542 | 7.502 | 22.347 | 20.765 |
Skewness | 0.336 | 0.250 | −0.178 | −0.104 | −0.540 | 0.098 | 0.821 |
Kurtosis | −1.160 | −1.263 | −1.324 | −1.078 | 0.309 | −0.170 | −0.151 |
Mediators | Indirect Effects | SE | Z | p | Boot LLCI | Boot ULCI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety→ Resilience → PTG | −0.328 | 0.082 | −3.83 | <0.001 | −0.496 | −0.171 |
Anxiety → Self-efficacy → PTG | −0.033 | 0.032 | −1.11 | 0.26 | −0.102 | 0.025 |
Anxiety→ Hope → PTG | −0.007 | 0.049 | −0.13 | 0.89 | −0.108 | 0.090 |
Depression → Resilience → PTG | −0.443 | 0.100 | −4.51 | <0.001 | −0.654 | −0.259 |
Depression → Self-efficacy → PTG | 0.030 | 0.031 | 1.08 | 0.27 | −0.018 | 0.103 |
Depression → Hope → PTG | −0.106 | 0.060 | −4.80 | <0.001 | −0.238 | −0.004 |
Stress → Resilience → PTG | −0.103 | 0.087 | −1.18 | 0.23 | −0.278 | 0.065 |
Stress → Self-efficacy → PTG | −0.001 | 0.018 | −0.08 | 0.92 | −0.043 | 0.035 |
Stress → Hope → PTG | −0.034 | 0.050 | −0.63 | 0.52 | −0.136 | 0.064 |
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Di Corrado, D.; Muzii, B.; Magnano, P.; Coco, M.; La Paglia, R.; Maldonato, N.M. The Moderated Mediating Effect of Hope, Self-Efficacy and Resilience in the Relationship between Post-Traumatic Growth and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061091
Di Corrado D, Muzii B, Magnano P, Coco M, La Paglia R, Maldonato NM. The Moderated Mediating Effect of Hope, Self-Efficacy and Resilience in the Relationship between Post-Traumatic Growth and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare. 2022; 10(6):1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061091
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Corrado, Donatella, Benedetta Muzii, Paola Magnano, Marinella Coco, Rosamaria La Paglia, and Nelson Mauro Maldonato. 2022. "The Moderated Mediating Effect of Hope, Self-Efficacy and Resilience in the Relationship between Post-Traumatic Growth and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic" Healthcare 10, no. 6: 1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061091