Factors Affecting Mistreatment of the Elderly in Long-Term Care Facilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Resident Traits
1.2. Staff Traits
1.3. Features of Institutional Environments
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Ethical Approval and Procedures
2.3. Measurement
2.3.1. Resident Traits
2.3.2. Staff Traits
2.3.3. Features of Institutional Environments
2.3.4. Mistreatment Behavior
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristic
3.2. Factors Affecting Mistreatment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Dong, X.; Simon, M.A. Association between reported elder abuse and rates of admission to skilled nursing facilities: Findings from a longitudinal population-based cohort study. Gerontology 2013, 59, 464–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ogata, M.; Ago, K.; Ago, M.; Nakashima, H.; Ikematu, K.; Kondo, T.; Kita, T.; Tanaka, N. Elder abuse: An autopsy case of suicide attributable to physical and financial abuse. Acta Criminol. Med. Leg. Jpn. 2007, 73, 208–213. [Google Scholar]
- Yunus, R.; Hairi, N.N.; Choo, W.Y. Consequences of elder abuse and neglect: A systematic review of observational studies. Trauma Violence Abus. 2019, 20, 197–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Available online: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/12304250/000491671.pdf (accessed on 5 May 2020).
- Yamada, H. What can be read from a survey of elderly abuse? Jpn. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2008, 19, 1307–1316. [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Elder Protection Agency. Elder Abuse Status; Korea Elder Protection Agency: Seoul, Korea, 2019; pp. 1–264. [Google Scholar]
- Sibao, K. Status and response of elderly abuse in the facility. Jpn. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2008, 19, 1325–1332. [Google Scholar]
- Lim, J. Trial to “Redefinition of elderly abuse” based on the recognition of elderly abuse of the nursing care staff: Focusing on the structure and features of "quasi-abuse". Jpn. J. Soc. Welf. 2014, 54, 57–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lim, J. A newly proposed concept framework for elderly abuse based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). Jpn. J. Soc. Welf. 2017, 57, 43–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malmedal, W.; Ingebrigtsen, O.; Saveman, B.I. Inadequate care in Norwegian nursing homes: As reported by nursing staff. Scand. J. Caring Sci. 2009, 23, 231–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Conrad, K.J.; Iris, M.; Ridings, J.W.; Rosen, A.; Fairman, K.P.; Anetzberger, G.J. Conceptual model and map of psychological abuse of older adults. J. Elder Abus. Negl. 2011, 23, 147–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takasaki, K.; Sibao, K.; Hirata, A. Improper care leads to abuse. Hureai Care 2012, 18, 12–20. [Google Scholar]
- Schiamberg, L.B.; Barboza, G.G.; Oehmke, J.; Zhang, Z.; Griffore, R.J.; Weatherill, R.P.; Levente von, H.; Post, L.A. Elder abuse in nursing homes: An ecological perspective. J. Elder Abus. Negl. 2011, 23, 190–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sendai, Tokyo and Ohu Centers for Dementia Care Research and Practices. Report on Support for Abuse Prevention of Elderly People at Facilities; Sendai Centers for Dementia Care Research and Practices: Sendai, Japan, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Arens, O.B.; Fierz, K.; Zúñiga, F. Elder abuse in nursing homes: Do special care units make a difference? A secondary data analysis of the Swiss Nursing Homes Human Resources Project. Gerontology 2017, 63, 169–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nakashima, T.; Kurata, Y.; Takigyti, M.; Okabe, Y.; Cho, C. Study of prevention of elderly abuse from the perspective of improvement within care services: Analysis of the survey targeted at care worker. Res. J. Care Welf. 2010, 17, 155–163. [Google Scholar]
- Lim, J. The effects of job environment on elderly maltreatment of care worker in long-term care insurance of Japan. J. Welf. Aged Inst. 2018, 73, 187–208. [Google Scholar]
- Natan, M.B.; Lowenstein, A.; Eisikovits, Z. Psycho-social factors affecting elders’ maltreatment in long-term care facilities. Int. Nurs. Rev. 2010, 57, 113–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shinan-Altman, S.; Cohen, M. Nursing aides’ attitudes to elder abuse in nursing homes: The effect of work stressors and burnout. Gerontologist 2009, 49, 674–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matumoto, N. Verification of the protective factors of mistreatment in group-living for dementia: A questionnaire survey of care staffs. J. Jpn. Soc. Dement. Care 2015, 14, 464–472. [Google Scholar]
- Gibbs, L.M.; Mosqueda, L. Confronting elder mistreatment in long-term care. Ann. Long Term Care 2004, 12, 30–40. [Google Scholar]
- McCann, C.M.; Beddoe, E.; McCormick, K.; Huggard, P.; Kedge, S.; Adamson, C.; Huggard, J. Resilience in the health professions: A review of recent literature. Int. J. Wellbeing 2013, 3, 60–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hart, P.L.; Brannan, J.D.; De Chesnay, M. Resilience in nurses: An integrative review. J. Nurs. Manag. 2014, 22, 720–734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Williams, J.; Hadjistavropoulos, T.; Ghandehari, O.O.; Malloy, D.C.; Hunter, P.V.; Martin, R.R. Resilience and organisational empowerment among long-term care nurses: Effects on patient care and absenteeism. J. Nurs. Manag. 2016, 24, 300–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Conlie Shaw, M.M. Nursing home resident abuse by staff: Exploring the dynamics. J. Elder Abus. Negl. 1999, 9, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, J.; Huh, S. Moderating effects of self-efficacy and social support on the relationship between resilience and burnout: Focusing on nurses’ experiences. Health Soc. Welf. Rev. 2018, 38, 544–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Available online: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/12201000/000363270.pdf#search=%27%E4%BB%8B%E8%AD%B7%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%90%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3+%E5%8E%9A%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E7%9C%81%27 (accessed on 1 July 2020).
- Mrayyan, M.T. Nurses’ autonomy: Influence of nurse managers’ actions. J. Adv. Nurs. 2004, 45, 326–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ichigawa, W. Institutional Abuse: Why do Nurse Aids Behave to Abuse? Seisin shobou: Tokyo, Japan, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Currie, V.; Harvey, G.; West, E.; McKenna, H.; Keeney, S. Relationship between quality of care, staffing levels, skill mix and nurse autonomy: Literature review. J. Adv. Nurs. 2005, 51, 73–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Matumoto, N. A study on the effect of residents’ factors which increased the risk, and the countermeasures, of institutional abuse. J. Jpn. Soc.Dement. Care 2020, 18, 811–819. [Google Scholar]
- Hirano, M. A study of the classification of resilience factors: Development of the bidimensional resilience scale (BRS). Jpn. J. Personal. 2010, 19, 94–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kuroda, K.; Okamoto, H. A Study on the Development of Service Quality Evaluation Criteria and Evaluation Methods in Elderly Care Facilities; Nisei Foundation: Kyoto, Japan, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Nakasima, K.; Nakamura, K. Practice Method for “Life Support” to Bring up Care Worker; Chuouhouki: Tokyo, Japan, 2005. [Google Scholar]
Variables | Range of Answer Options |
---|---|
Resident traits | |
Nursing care level | (1) 1 level–(5) 5 level |
Care worker traits | |
Gender | (0) female–(1) male |
Work period in long-term care | year |
Qualifications related to care | (0) no–(1) yes |
Resilience | (1) disagree–(4) agree |
Attitudes toward mistreatment | (1) not abuse at all–(4) clear abuse |
Features of institutional environments | |
Number of night shifts per month | month |
Size of facilities | (0) facilities with 10 or more residents–(1) facilities with 9 or fewer residents |
Autonomy at work | (0) not implemented at all–(4) sufficiently implemented |
Institutional care environment | (1) completely disagree–(4) completely agree |
Family and community support | (1) not applicable–(4) applicable. |
Mistreatment behavior | (1) never behave this way –(4) often behave this way |
Variables | Categories | n | % | M | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resident traits | |||||
Nursing care level | 3.5 | 0.8 | |||
Care worker traits | |||||
Gender | male | 443 | 30.1 | ||
female | 1030 | 69.9 | |||
Work period in long-term care | <3 years | 173 | 11.7 | ||
3–4 years | 200 | 13.6 | |||
5–9 years | 481 | 32.7 | |||
≤10 years | 619 | 42 | |||
Qualifications related to care | have | 1075 | 73 | ||
none | 398 | 27 | |||
Resilience | 60.47 | 8.94 | |||
Attitudes toward mistreatment | 64.95 | 10.22 | |||
Features of institutional environments | |||||
Number of night shifts per month | 4.6 | 2.0 | |||
Size of facilities | ≤9 or fewer | 791 | 53.7 | ||
≥10 or more | 682 | 46.4 | |||
Autonomy at work | 12.66 | 2.01 | |||
Institutional care environment | 9.97 | 1.63 | |||
Family and community support | 12.22 | 2.59 | |||
Mistreatment behavior | 39.43 | 9.34 |
Variables | Model 1 95% CI | Model 2 95% CI | Model 3 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | t (p) | β | t (p) | β | t (p) | |
Nursing care level | 0.159 | 6.163 (<0.001) | 0.106 | 4.895 (<0.001) | 0.060 | 2.453 (0.014) |
Gender | 0.006 | 0.288 (0.773) | −0.010 | −0.495 (0.620) | ||
Work period in long-term care | −0.021 | −0.878 (0.380) | −0.052 | −2.462 (0.014) | ||
Qualification related to care | −0.004 | −0.187 (0.852) | −0.009 | −0.413 (0.680) | ||
Resilience | −0.425 | −19.200 (<0.001) | −0.277 | −12.859 (<0.001) | ||
Attitudes towards mistreatment | −0.278 | −12.634 (<0.001) | −0.218 | −10.945 (<0.001) | ||
Size of facility | −0.056 | −2.202 (0.028) | ||||
Number of night shifts | 0.034 | 1.747 (0.081) | ||||
Autonomy at work | −0.120 | −4.849 (<0.001) | ||||
Institutional care environment | −0.182 | −7.740 (<0.001) | ||||
Family and community support | −0.179 | −7.165 (<0.001) | ||||
Adj. R2 | 0.025 | 0.333 | 0.466 | |||
F (p) | 37.983 (<0.001) | 18.564 (<0.001) | 227.734 (<0.001) |
© 2020 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lim, J. Factors Affecting Mistreatment of the Elderly in Long-Term Care Facilities. Healthcare 2020, 8, 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030224
Lim J. Factors Affecting Mistreatment of the Elderly in Long-Term Care Facilities. Healthcare. 2020; 8(3):224. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030224
Chicago/Turabian StyleLim, Jeongmi. 2020. "Factors Affecting Mistreatment of the Elderly in Long-Term Care Facilities" Healthcare 8, no. 3: 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030224