Coronavirus Pandemic—Therapy and Vaccines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Coronavirus Genome and Lifecycle
3. Therapeutic and Prophylactic Options
3.1. Therapeutic Agents
Therapy | Disease | Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Lopinavir/Ritonavir | MERS-like in marmosets | Clinical, pathological benefits | [85] |
MERS | Protocol for clinical trial | [86] | |
COVID-19 | No difference to standard care | [87] | |
Nucleoside | SARS-CoV | In vitro anti-SARS-CoV activity | [89] |
analogues | HoCV-NL63, MERS-CoV | Antiviral activity, but not against SARS-CoV | [90] |
FIP | Successful treatment of FIP | [91] | |
Ribavirin | MERS-CoV | Improved survival at 14 days | [92] |
Remdesivir | HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E | Potent antiviral activity | [94] |
MERS-CoV | Potent inhibition | [95] | |
SARS-CoV-2 | Inhibition in Vero, Huh-7 cells | [96] | |
SARS-CoV-2 | Reduced viral load in patients | [97] | |
NA inhibitors | SARS-CoV | No inhibitory effect | [99] |
Arbidol | SARS-CoV-2 | Positive effect in patients with lopinavir/ritonavir | [102] |
Hydroxychloroquinine | SARS-CoV-2 | Reduced viral load in 20 COVID-19 patients | [103] |
Chinese medicines | SARS-CoV-2 | Case studies of recovery from COVID-19 by SHL | [104] |
SARS-CoV-2 | Successful SJ therapy | [105] | |
ACE2 | SARS-CoV-2 | nAbs for compassionate therapy | [81] |
SARS-CoV-2 | TMPRSS2 blocking virus entry | [106] | |
SARS-CoV-2 | Potent binding of mAbs | [107] | |
ATR1 blockers | SARS-CoV-2 | Evaluation of existing blockers | [108] |
mAb | SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 | Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 | [109] |
3.2. Gene Silencing
3.3. Vaccine Development
Vaccine/Vector | Disease | Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Live attenuated | BCoV | High Ab titers against BCoV in calves | [131] |
BCoV | Approved nasal vaccine in calves | [132] | |
BCoV vaccine | ECoV | Increased Ab titers against ECoV | [133] |
Plasmid DNA | SARS-CoV | Humoral and cellular immune responses in mice | [141] |
DNA-CTE/PRE | SARS-CoV | nAbs, protection against SARS-CoV in mice | [142] |
DNA/PEI NPs | SARS-CoV | NPs induced humoral and cellular responses in mice after intranasal administration | [143] |
TCoV | Humoral response, partial TCoV protection | [144] | |
DNA + protein | TGEV | Oral administration induced mucosal and cellular immune responses in mice | [145] |
Lactobacillus acidophilus TGEV | MERS-CoV | nAbs, protection of mice against MERS-CoV | [146] |
CHO/S377-588 | SARS-CoV | Overexpression of S protein in plants | [147] |
Tobacco/lettuce | SARS-CoV | IgA Abs in mice fed with tomato-derived S | [148] |
Tomato/tobacco | SARS-CoV | Humoral and cellular immune responses | [149] |
Tobacco/suppressor | SARS-CoV N protein | ||
p19 TBSV | PEDV | Immune response in mice and piglets | [150] |
Ad-LTB-COE | MERS-CoV | Reduced viral excretion and viral RNA in dromedary camels | [151] |
MVA-MERS-CoV S | MERS-CoV | Identification of T cell-responding epitope | [152] |
MVA-MERS-CoV N | SARS-CoV | Strong nAbs response in mice | [153] |
RV-SARS-CoV N/S | SARS-CoV | Protection against SARS-CoV in mice | [154] |
VEE-SARS-CoV S | SARS-CoV | Protection also in aged mice | [155] |
4. Conclusions and Future Aspects
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus | Disease | Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
TGEV | Gastroenteritis in pigs | High morbidity, mortality | [3] |
PEDV | Gastroenteritis in pigs | High morbidity, mortality | [4] |
PHEV | Enteric infection | Diarrhea, encephalitis | [5] |
BCoV | Respiratory tract infection | Significant loss in cattle industry | [6,7] |
RCoV | Respiratory tract infection | Model system | [8] |
IBV | Respiratory infections, renal disease | Significant losses in the chicken industry | [7,9] |
FCoV | Respiratory tract infection | Mild or asymptomatic | [10] |
FIPV | Infectious peritonitis | Lethal FIP | [11] |
SW1 | Respiratory, acute liver | SW1 found in deceased whale | [13] |
Bat CoV | Respiratory tract infection | Potential threat of epidemics | [14] |
SHC014-CoV | Risk of epidemic | Chimeric CoV presents risk | [15] |
MHV | Respiratory, enteric, neurological infections | Mouse model for human disease | [16] |
A59, JHMV | Chronic demyelination | Mouse model for MS | [17] |
α HCoV-229E | Respiratory infection | 15%–30% of annual common cold | [18] |
α HCoV-NL63 | Respiratory infection | Also associated with croup | [18,19] |
β HcoV-OC43 | Respiratory infection | 15%–30% of annual common cold | [20] |
β HcoV-HKU1 | Respiratory infection | 15%–30% of annual common cold | [20] |
SARS-CoV | SARS | Epidemic with 774 deaths | [21,22] |
MERS-CoV | MERS | Epidemic with 333 deaths | [23] |
Therapy | Disease | Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
siRNAs | SARS-CoV | Inhibition of replication in Vero E6 cells | [119] |
SARS-CoV | Prophylactic/therapeutic effects in FRhK4 cells | [120] | |
SARS-CoV | Suppression of SARS symptoms in primates | [121] | |
SARS-CoV | Reduced infection in ACE2-silenced cells | [122] | |
siRNAs, miRNAs | SARS-CoV | Knockdown of ezrin | [123] |
MERS-CoV | Design of siRNAs, miRNAs for MERS control | [124] | |
siRNAs | FIPV | siRNA combination delays resistance | [125] |
shRNAs | PDCoV | Reduced titers and viral RNA in ST cells | [126] |
PEDV | Inhibition of viral RNA and replication | [127] | |
SADS-CoV | Inhibition of viral RNA and replication | [127] | |
PDCoV | Inhibition of viral RNA and replication | [127] |
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Lundstrom, K. Coronavirus Pandemic—Therapy and Vaccines. Biomedicines 2020, 8, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050109
Lundstrom K. Coronavirus Pandemic—Therapy and Vaccines. Biomedicines. 2020; 8(5):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050109
Chicago/Turabian StyleLundstrom, Kenneth. 2020. "Coronavirus Pandemic—Therapy and Vaccines" Biomedicines 8, no. 5: 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8050109