Ecological Risk and Pollution Assessment of Heavy Metals in Farmland Soil Profile with Consideration of Atmosphere Deposition in Central China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.3. Methods of Ecological Risk and Pollution Assessment
2.4. Statistical Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Correlation Analysis
3.3. Supervised Clustering Analysis
3.4. PCA
3.5. Stepwise Linear Multivariate Regression Model
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types | Variables | APMS (n = 8) | SOIL (n = 8) | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Median | Q3 | Mean (SD) | Q1 | Median | Q3 | Mean (SD) | |||
HMs (mg/kg) | Cr | 43.475 | 59.197 | 65.058 | 54.62 (12.72) | 36.215 | 43.899 | 48.2 | 45.03 (11.27) | 0.248 |
Ni | 188.807 | 205.486 | 213.541 | 205.84 (22.42) | 186.68 | 191.45 | 200.75 | 193.73 (10.51) | 0.208 | |
Cu | 48.491 | 57.165 | 65.657 | 66.45 (40.14) | 36.916 | 49.135 | 55.51 | 45.45 (13.93) | 0.248 | |
Zn | 215.398 | 293.34 | 350.096 | 289.41 (87.72) | 185.93 | 211.54 | 215.75 | 207.62 (37.81) | 0.046 | |
As | 14.47 | 15.147 | 15.882 | 15.732 (2.634) | 11.965 | 13.015 | 16.322 | 14.33 (3.26) | 0.248 | |
Cd | 0.892 | 1.243 | 1.323 | 1.129 (0.282) | 0.851 | 0.949 | 1.102 | 0.999 (0.291) | 0.529 | |
Pb | 27.431 | 32.202 | 39.958 | 34.397 (8.949) | 25.93 | 28.68 | 35.981 | 31.04 (8.421) | 0.401 | |
Igeo | Igeo_Cr | −1.123 | −0.68 | −0.54 | −0.830 (0.361) | −1.386 | −1.109 | −0.974 | −1.107 (0.335) | 0.248 |
Igeo_Ni | 2.066 | 2.188 | 2.244 | 2.183 (0.152) | 2.05 | 2.086 | 2.154 | 2.101 (0.078) | 0.208 | |
Igeo_Cu | 0.68 | 0.952 | 1.129 | 0.982 (0.757) | 0.317 | 0.724 | 0.91 | 0.549 (0.515) | 0.248 | |
Igeo_Zn | 1.252 | 1.702 | 1.957 | 1.622 (0.453) | 1.044 | 1.23 | 1.259 | 1.183 (0.259) | 0.046 | |
Igeo_As | −0.242 | −0.175 | −0.108 | −0.136 (0.222) | −0.516 | −0.394 | −0.07 | −0.286 (0.312) | 0.248 | |
Igeo_Cd | 3.005 | 3.485 | 3.574 | 3.301 (0.398) | 2.937 | 3.093 | 3.296 | 3.116 (0.425) | 0.529 | |
Igeo_Pb | −0.1 | 0.117 | 0.443 | 0.186 (0.363) | −0.182 | −0.04 | 0.283 | 0.033 (0.385) | 0.401 | |
PEI | PEI_Cr | 0.348 | 0.474 | 0.52 | 0.437 (0.102) | 0.29 | 0.351 | 0.386 | 0.360 (0.090) | 0.248 |
PEI_Ni | 4.969 | 5.408 | 5.62 | 5.417 (0.590) | 4.913 | 5.038 | 5.283 | 5.098 (0.277) | 0.208 | |
PEI_Cu | 2.425 | 2.858 | 3.283 | 3.323 (2.007) | 1.846 | 2.457 | 2.776 | 2.273 (0.697) | 0.248 | |
PEI_Zn | 0.718 | 0.978 | 1.167 | 0.965 (0.292) | 0.62 | 0.705 | 0.719 | 0.692 (0.126) | 0.046 | |
PEI_As | 5.788 | 6.059 | 6.353 | 6.293 (1.054) | 4.786 | 5.206 | 6.529 | 5.730 (1.304) | 0.248 | |
PEI_Cd | 44.576 | 62.158 | 66.128 | 56.45 (14.09) | 42.53 | 47.434 | 55.093 | 49.94 (14.56) | 0.529 | |
PEI_Pb | 0.807 | 0.947 | 1.175 | 1.012 (0.263) | 0.763 | 0.844 | 1.058 | 0.913 (0.248) | 0.401 | |
Index | PI | 1.168 | 1.588 | 1.681 | 1.448 (0.343) | 1.098 | 1.218 | 1.399 | 1.274 (0.340) | 0.401 |
TEI | 60.787 | 78.915 | 84.978 | 73.89 (16.12) | 57.592 | 62.059 | 71.442 | 65.01 (14.56) | 0.345 | |
PLI | 2.67 | 3.131 | 3.383 | 3.010 (0.463) | 2.429 | 2.543 | 2.666 | 2.521 (0.232) | 0.046 |
Variables | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | —— | —— | —— | —— |
Ni | 0.427 (0.179) * | —— | —— | 0.024 (0.002) *** |
Cu | 0.610 (0.179) *** | 0.3026 (0.092) ** | —— | 0.067 (0.003) *** |
Zn | —— | 0.206 (0.088) * | —— | −0.013 (0.002) *** |
As | —— | —— | —— | 0.066 (0.002) *** |
Cd | —— | —— | —— | —— |
Pb | —— | —— | 0.7372 (0.078) *** | —— |
PI | —— | —— | —— | 0.963 (0.003) *** |
PLI | —— | —— | —— | —— |
Model Performance | ||||
Adj.R2 | 52.09% | 89.88% | 92.01% | 99.99% |
AIC | 53.59 | 41.718 | 13.051 | −26.798 |
BIC | 59.771 | 50.989 | 21.55 | −19.844 |
Adjust Igeo | N | Y | N | Y |
Adjust PEI | N | N | Y | N |
Adjust PI + PLI | N | N | N | Y |
Variable Importance |
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Zhao, Y.; Hou, Y.; Wang, F. Ecological Risk and Pollution Assessment of Heavy Metals in Farmland Soil Profile with Consideration of Atmosphere Deposition in Central China. Toxics 2024, 12, 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010045
Zhao Y, Hou Y, Wang F. Ecological Risk and Pollution Assessment of Heavy Metals in Farmland Soil Profile with Consideration of Atmosphere Deposition in Central China. Toxics. 2024; 12(1):45. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010045
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Yang, Yuxin Hou, and Fei Wang. 2024. "Ecological Risk and Pollution Assessment of Heavy Metals in Farmland Soil Profile with Consideration of Atmosphere Deposition in Central China" Toxics 12, no. 1: 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010045