Machine Learning Model for Prediction of Development of Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulation in Tumurs Subjected to Polystyrene Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Study
2.2. Cell Cultures and Polystyrene Particles Treatment
2.3. Flow Cytometry Analysis
2.4. Machine Learning Model (ML)—Genetic Algorithm (GA)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. CSC Protein Marker Analyses—Flow Cytometry
3.2. ML Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biological Models | Plastic Particle Source | Polymer Type | Particle Size | Exposure Concentration | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vivo: epithelial ovarian cancer mice model [12] | Purchased from Huge Biotechnology (Shanghai, China) | polystyrene | 100 nm | 10 mg/L for 27 days | PS-NP exposure accelerated EOC tumor growth in mice |
In vitro: human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) [14] | Commercially obtained (Spherotech, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) | polystyrene | 50 nm | range of different concentrations: 0, 6.5, 13, 26, and 39 μg/cm2 | Accumulation of PSNPs in exposed cells in a concentration-dependent manner |
In vitro: normal human intestinal cells (CCD-18Co) [15] | purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) | polystyrene | 0.5 μm and 2 μm | range of different concentrations (1–5-10–20 μg/mL) | NPs and MPs exposure cause oxidative stress |
In vitro: HepG2 cells [16] | obtained from the DK Nano Tech (Beijing, China) | polystyrene | 50 nm | 10 μg/mL for 12 h | reduced the cell viability |
In vitro: mouse embryonic fibroblasts [17] | purchased from Spherotech (Chicago, IL, USA) | polystyrene | 50 nm | increasing doses of PSNPLs (10, 25, 75, and 100 μg/mL) for 24 h | exacerbated cancer |
In vivo: BALB/c nude mice In vitro: human gastric cancer cell lines (AGS, MKN1, MKN45, NCI-N87, and KATOIII) [18] | purchased from Cospheric (Somis, CA, USA) | polystyrene | 9.5–11.5 µm | In vivo: 1.72 × 104 particles/mL In vitro: 8.61 × 105 particles/mL | induced resistance to chemo- and monoclonal antibody-therapy |
In vitro: human breast cancer cell lines: MDA-MB 231, and MCF-7 [19] | purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA | polystyrene | 60 nm | 1, 10, and 100 mg/mL | influence cell viability and proliferation |
In vivo: C57BL/6 J mice [20] | purchased from Magsphere (Pasadena, CA, USA) | polyethylene | 50.7, 503.6, and 5047.0 nm | 20 mL/kg body weight, for 28 consecutive days | causing severe dysfunction of the intestinal barrier |
Model System | R2—Score of the Prediction |
---|---|
HCT-116 ABCG2positive | 0.99968 |
HCT-116 ALDH1positive | 0.98868 |
HCT-116 CD24positive ABCG2positive | 0.95683 |
HCT-116 CD24positive ALDHpositive | 0.99745 |
MDA-MB-231 CD24positive ABCG2positive | 0.96353 |
MDA-MB-231 CD24positive ALDH1positive | 0.95011 |
MDA-MB-231 ABCG2positive CD24positive | 0.99847 |
MDA-MB-231 ALDH1positive CD24positive | 0.93221 |
MDA-MB-231 CD44positive | 0.99055 |
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Ramović Hamzagić, A.; Gazdić Janković, M.; Cvetković, D.; Nikolić, D.; Nikolić, S.; Milivojević Dimitrijević, N.; Kastratović, N.; Živanović, M.; Miletić Kovačević, M.; Ljujić, B. Machine Learning Model for Prediction of Development of Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulation in Tumurs Subjected to Polystyrene Nanoparticles. Toxics 2024, 12, 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050354
Ramović Hamzagić A, Gazdić Janković M, Cvetković D, Nikolić D, Nikolić S, Milivojević Dimitrijević N, Kastratović N, Živanović M, Miletić Kovačević M, Ljujić B. Machine Learning Model for Prediction of Development of Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulation in Tumurs Subjected to Polystyrene Nanoparticles. Toxics. 2024; 12(5):354. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050354
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamović Hamzagić, Amra, Marina Gazdić Janković, Danijela Cvetković, Dalibor Nikolić, Sandra Nikolić, Nevena Milivojević Dimitrijević, Nikolina Kastratović, Marko Živanović, Marina Miletić Kovačević, and Biljana Ljujić. 2024. "Machine Learning Model for Prediction of Development of Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulation in Tumurs Subjected to Polystyrene Nanoparticles" Toxics 12, no. 5: 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050354