Essential Oils from the Malaysian Citrus (Rutaceae) Medicinal Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Essential Oils from the Malaysian Citrus Species
2.1. Citrus aurantifolia (Cristm.) Swingle
2.2. Citrus grandis L. Osbek
2.3. Citrus hystrix
2.4. Citrus microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands
3. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant | Location | Method | Part | Components | Ref. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monoterpene Hydrocarbon | % | Oxygenated Monoterpene | % | Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbon | % | Oxygenated Sesquiterpene | % | |||||
Citrus aurantifolia (Cristm.) Swingle | Masjid Tanah, Melaka | Water Distillation | Peel | α-Pinene | 1.5 | Terpinen-4-ol | 2.0 | β-Caryophyllene | 0.8 | (Z)-Nerolidol | 0.6 | [3] |
β-Pinene | 28.4 | α-Terpineol | 2.4 | α-Bergamotene | 0.4 | α-Eudesmol | 0.1 | |||||
β-Myrcene | 1.0 | Neral | 5.3 | α-Humulene | 0.1 | β-Eudesmol | 0.1 | |||||
δ-3-Carene | 0.5 | Geraniol | 7.5 | (Z)-β-Farnesene | 0.4 | Elemol | 0.1 | |||||
Limonene | 39.3 | Geranial | 2.1 | (E)-β-Farnesene | 1.5 | |||||||
γ-Terpinene | 0.8 | Geranyl acetate | 0.6 | |||||||||
Leaves | Sabinene | 0.1 | Linalool | 1.1 | (Z)-β-Farnesene | 0.1 | Phytol | 1.0 | ||||
β-Pinene | 0.9 | Nerol | 9.5 | α-Humulene | 0.8 | (Z)-Nerolidol | 2.1 | |||||
β-Myrcene | 0.8 | Neral | 11.4 | α-Guaiene | 0.9 | α-Eudesmol | 0.3 | |||||
Limonene | 16.4 | Geraniol | 7.5 | β-Caryophyllene | 5.7 | β-Eudesmol | 0.3 | |||||
cis-β-Ocimene | 0.4 | Geranial | 19.4 | (E)-β-Farnesene | 1.8 | Elemol | 0.5 | |||||
trans-β-Ocimene | 1.9 | Geranyl acetate | 6.6 | β-Bisabolene | 0.1 | |||||||
Citrus grandis L. Osbek | Tambun, Perak | Steam Distillation | Peel | α-Pinene | 0.3 | Linalool | 0.8 | δ-Guaiene | tr | Caryophyllene oxide | tr | [4] |
Sabinene | 0.1 | Terpinen-4-ol | 0.1 | α-Cubebene | 0.1 | Muurolol | 0.1 | |||||
β-Pinene | 0.1 | cis-Carveol | 1.5 | trans-Caryophyllene | tr | Farnesol | 0.3 | |||||
β-Myrcene | 2.2 | trans-Carveol | 0.6 | Aromadendrene | tr | Nootkatone | 0.3 | |||||
Limonene | 81.6 | 1-α-Terpineol | 1.2 | δ-Cadinene | tr | |||||||
β-Cymene | 0.1 | Carvone | 0.9 | |||||||||
Likens-Nikerson Extraction | Peel | α-Pinene | 0.1 | Linalool | 0.5 | δ-Guaiene | tr | Caryophyllene oxide | tr | |||
Sabinene | 0.1 | Terpinen-4-ol | 0.3 | α-Cubebene | tr | Muurolol | tr | |||||
β-Pinene | 0.1 | cis-Carveol | 1.4 | trans-Caryophyllene | 0.1 | Farnesol | 0.3 | |||||
β-Myrcene | 1.6 | trans-Carveol | 0.4 | Aromadendrene | tr | Nootkatone | 0.3 | |||||
Limonene | 86.8 | 1-α-Terpineol | 1.1 | δ-Cadinene | 0.1 | |||||||
β-Cymene | tr | Carvone | 0.7 | |||||||||
Kepong, Selangor | Water Distillation | Peel | β-Pinene | 0.6 | Linalool | 0.2 | (Z)-β-Farnesene | 0.3 | α-Eudesmol | tr | [3] | |
α-Pinene | 0.3 | Terpinen-4-ol | 0.1 | α-Guaiene | 0.1 | Phytol | 0.1 | |||||
β-Myrcene | 1.6 | α-Terpineol | 0.2 | (E)-β-Farnesene | 0.1 | |||||||
α-Phellandrene | 0.1 | Neral | 0.1 | Aromadendrene | tr | |||||||
Limonene | 95.1 | Geraniol | 0.1 | β-Caryophyllene | 0.1 | |||||||
γ-Terpinene | 0.1 | Geranial | 0.1 | |||||||||
Leaves | Sabinene | 0.1 | Terpinolene | 1.6 | β-Caryophyllene | 15.4 | Hedycaryol | 2.4 | ||||
β-Pinene | 4.9 | Nerol | 1.5 | α-Humulene | 1.8 | (Z)-Nerolidol | 0.8 | |||||
δ-3-Carene | 3.9 | Neral | 4.5 | (Z)-β-Farnesene | 2.2 | α-Eudesmol | 1.8 | |||||
Limonene | 1.4 | Geraniol | 1.4 | α-Cadinene | 7.1 | β-Eudesmol | 1.6 | |||||
cis-β-Ocimene | 0.8 | Geranial | 4.5 | γ-Cadinene | 0.9 | Phytol | 23.1 | |||||
trans-β-Ocimene | 9.9 | Citronellyl acetate | 1.8 | |||||||||
Citrus grandis L. Osbek (white pomelo) | Tambun, Perak | HS-SPME | Blossom | β-Pinene | 0.3 | Linalool | 9.2 | β-Caryophyllene | 0.1 | trans-Nerolidol | 0.1 | [5] |
δ-3-Carene | 0.6 | α-Terpineol | tr | α-Humulene | 0.1 | cis-Farnesol | 0.4 | |||||
α-Terpinene | 2.8 | Citronellol | 0.3 | β-Farnesene | 0.1 | Spathulenol | tr | |||||
Limonene | 48.2 | Nerol | 1.5 | Germacrene D | 0.1 | |||||||
cis-β-Ocimene | 12.0 | Geraniol | 1.3 | β-Bisabolene | 0.1 | |||||||
allo-Ocimene | 1.6 | Carveol | 0.1 | α-Farnesene | 0.1 | |||||||
HS-SPME | Peel | β-Pinene | 0.1 | Linalool | 0.2 | β-Caryophyllene | 0.1 | trans-Nerolidol | tr | |||
δ-3-Carene | 0.1 | α-Terpineol | tr | α-Humulene | tr | cis-Farnesol | tr | |||||
α-Terpinene | tr | Citronellol | tr | β-Farnesene | 0.1 | Elemol | 0.1 | |||||
Limonene | 96.9 | Nerol | 0.1 | Germacrene D | tr | |||||||
cis-β-Ocimene | 0.1 | Geraniol | 0.1 | β-Bisabolene | tr | |||||||
β-Myrcene | 0.2 | Carveol | tr | α-Farnesene | 0.1 | |||||||
Solvent extraction | Peel | β-Pinene | 0.1 | Linalool | 0.2 | β-Caryophyllene | 0.1 | trans-Nerolidol | 0.1 | |||
δ-3-Carene | 0.1 | α-Terpineol | 0.1 | α-Humulene | 0.1 | cis-Farnesol | 0.1 | |||||
α-Terpinene | 0.1 | Citronellol | tr | β-Farnesene | 0.1 | Elemol | 0.1 | |||||
Limonene | 95.4 | Nerol | 0.2 | Germacrene D | 0.1 | |||||||
cis-β-Ocimene | 0.1 | Geraniol | 0.3 | β-Bisabolene | 0.1 | |||||||
β-Myrcene | 0.1 | Carveol | 0.1 | α-Farnesene | 0.1 | |||||||
Citrus grandis L. Osbek (pink pomelo) | Tambun, Perak | Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) | Blossom | β-pinene | 0.1 | Linalool | 56.5 | β-Caryophyllene | 0.1 | trans-Nerolidol | 0.1 | [5] |
δ-3-carene | 0.2 | α-Terpineol | tr | α-Humulene | 0.1 | cis-Farnesol | 1.8 | |||||
α-Terpinene | 2.5 | Citronellol | 0.2 | β-Farnesene | 0.1 | Spathulenol | tr | |||||
Limonene | 15.5 | Nerol | 0.4 | Germacrene D | 0.1 | |||||||
cis-β-Ocimene | 4.0 | Geraniol | 0.4 | β-Bisabolene | 0.1 | |||||||
allo-Ocimene | 1.1 | Carveol | 0.1 | α-Farnesene | 0.2 | |||||||
HS-SPME | Peel | β-Pinene | 0.1 | Linalool | 0.1 | β-Caryophyllene | 0.1 | trans-Nerolidol | 0.1 | |||
δ-3-Carene | 0.1 | α-Terpineol | 0.1 | α-Humulene | tr | cis-Farnesol | tr | |||||
α-Terpinene | tr | Citronellol | 0.1 | β-Farnesene | 0.1 | Elemol | 0.1 | |||||
Limonene | 96.1 | Nerol | 0.1 | Germacrene D | tr | |||||||
cis-β-Ocimene | 0.1 | Geraniol | 0.1 | β-Bisabolene | tr | |||||||
β-Myrcene | 0.4 | Carveol | tr | α-Farnesene | 0.1 | |||||||
Solvent extraction | Peel | β-Pinene | 0.1 | Linalool | 0.3 | β-Caryophyllene | 0.2 | trans-Nerolidol | 0.1 | |||
δ-3-Carene | tr | α-Terpineol | 0.2 | α-Humulene | 0.1 | cis-Farnesol | 0.1 | |||||
α-Terpinene | 0.1 | Citronellol | 0.1 | β-Farnesene | 0.1 | Elemol | 0.1 | |||||
Limonene | 93.1 | Nerol | 0.2 | Germacrene D | 0.2 | |||||||
cis-β-Ocimene | 0.1 | Geraniol | 0.3 | β-Bisabolene | tr | |||||||
β-Myrcene | 0.1 | Carveol | 0.1 | α-Farnesene | 0.1 | |||||||
Citrus hystrix D.C. | Dengkil, Selangor | Hydro-difusion steam distillation system | Peel | α-Thujene | 0.2 | Linalool | 0.8 | α-Copaene | 0.5 | [17] | ||
α-Pinene | 1.8 | Citronellal | 10.8 | Caryophyllene | 0.3 | |||||||
Sabinene | 36.4 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1.1 | α-Humulene | 0.1 | |||||||
β-Pinene | 8.6 | α-Terpineol | 0.6 | Germacrene D | 0.4 | |||||||
β-Myrcene | 1.7 | Citronellol | 1.8 | β-Selinene | 0.1 | |||||||
Limonene | 32.5 | δ-Cadinene | 0.4 | |||||||||
Steam distillation with induction heating system | Peel | α-Thujene | 0.1 | Linalool | 0.1 | α-Copaene | 0.1 | [18] | ||||
α-Pinene | 3.2 | Citronellal | 3.3 | Germacrene D | 0.2 | |||||||
Sabinene | 48.5 | Terpinen-4-ol | 0.5 | δ-Cadinene | 0.1 | |||||||
β-Pinene | 10.1 | α-Terpineol | 0.2 | |||||||||
β-Myrcene | 1.5 | Citronellyl acetate | 0.1 | |||||||||
Limonene | 27.7 | |||||||||||
Automated steam distillation process | Peel | α-thujene | 0.2 | Linalool | 1.2 | [19] | ||||||
α-pinene | 3.3 | Citronellal | 7.8 | |||||||||
Sabinene | 46.6 | Terpinen-4-ol | 2.4 | |||||||||
β-pinene | 13.5 | α-Terpineol | 0.9 | |||||||||
β-Myrcene | 1.8 | |||||||||||
Limonene | 17.2 | |||||||||||
Selangor | Hydro-distillation | Leaves | Sabinene | 0.2 | Linalool | 3.9 | Nerolidol | 0.1 | [20] | |||
β-Myrcene | 0.1 | Citronellal | 66.9 | |||||||||
(E)-2,5-Dimethyl-1,6-octadine | 0.1 | Isopregol | 0.7 | |||||||||
cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,6-octadine | 0.3 | β-Citronellol | 6.6 | |||||||||
Citronellol | 1.8 | |||||||||||
Geraniol | 0.4 | |||||||||||
Jerangau, Terengganu | Steam Distillation | Fresh Leaves | α-Pinene | 0.1 | Linalool | 1.0 | trans-Caryophyllene | tr | Elemol | tr | [21] | |
Sabinene | 1.6 | Citronellal | 61.7 | β-Elemene | tr | Nerolidol | 1.2 | |||||
β-Pinene | 0.1 | β-Citronellol | 13.4 | α-Muurolene | tr | Guaiol | 0.2 | |||||
β-Myrcene | 0.7 | iso-Pulegol | 0.9 | β-Bisabolene | tr | Caryophyllene oxide | tr | |||||
Limonene | 5.9 | Citronellyl acetate | 2.0 | δ-Cadinene | tr | |||||||
p-Cymene | 0.1 | |||||||||||
Likens-Nikerson Extraction | Fresh Leaves | α-Pinene | 0.1 | Linalool | 1.6 | δ-Cadinene | tr | Elemol | tr | [21] | ||
Sabinene | 2.0 | Citronellal | 72.5 | Nerolidol | tr | |||||||
β-Pinene | 0.1 | β-Citronellol | 10.3 | Guaiol | tr | |||||||
β-Myrcene | 0.6 | iso-Pulegol | 1.2 | |||||||||
Limonene | 6.8 | Citronellyl acetate | 1.2 | |||||||||
p-Cymene | tr | |||||||||||
Likens-Nikerson Extraction | Peel | α-Pinene | 1.7 | Linalool | 1.8 | β-Bisabolene | 1.2 | Elemol | tr | [21] | ||
Sabinene | 20.0 | Citronellal | 12.6 | δ-Cadinene | 0.6 | Nerolidol | 0.2 | |||||
β-Pinene | 23.5 | β-Citronellol | 3.3 | Guaiol | 0.1 | |||||||
β-Myrcene | 1.0 | iso-pulegol | 0.5 | Caryophyllene oxide | 0.1 | |||||||
Limonene | 11.8 | Citronellyl acetate | 1.7 | |||||||||
p-cymene | 0.3 | |||||||||||
Masjid Tanah, Melaka | Water Distillation | Peel | α-Pinene | 2.0 | cis-Linalool oxide | 1.9 | β-caryophyllene | 0.4 | Hedycaryol | 0.3 | [3] | |
β-Pinene | 39.3 | Terpinolene | 1.6 | α-Humulene | 0.1 | (Z)-Nerolidol | 0.1 | |||||
Limonene | 14.2 | Linalool | 1.9 | (Z)-β-Farnesene | 0.2 | α-Eudesmol | 0.2 | |||||
β-Myrcene | 1.3 | Terpinen-4-ol | 8.9 | α-Cadinene | 0.1 | β-Eudesmol | 0.2 | |||||
δ-3-Carene | 1.4 | Citronellal | 11.7 | (E)-β-Farnesene | 0.1 | Phytol | 0.1 | |||||
γ-Terpinene | 2.4 | δ-Cadinene | 0.5 | α-Sinensal | 0.1 | |||||||
Leaves | β-Pinene | 1.9 | trans-Sabinene hydrate | 1.5 | β-Cubebene | 0.2 | Hedycaryol | 0.3 | [3] | |||
β-Myrcene | 0.9 | Linalool | 1.7 | β-Caryophyllene | 0.9 | (Z)-Nerolidol | 0.9 | |||||
δ-3-Carene | 0.1 | Citronellal | 72.4 | α-Cadinene | 0.4 | α-Eudesmol | 0.2 | |||||
Limonene | 0.1 | Citronellol | 6.7 | α-Humulene | 0.2 | β-Eudesmol | 0.2 | |||||
trans-β-Ocimene | 0.5 | Citronellyl acetate | 4.1 | (E)-β-Farnesene | 0.2 | Elemol | 0.3 | |||||
γ-Terpinene | 0.3 | Geranyl acetate | 0.8 | δ-Cadinene | 0.4 | |||||||
Citrus microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands | Masjid Tanah, Melaka | Water Distillation | Peel | α-Pinene | 0.5 | δ-Elemene | 0.1 | β-Caryophyllene | tr | Elemol | 0.1 | [3] |
β-Pinene | 0.1 | Linalool | 0.4 | (Z)-β-Farnesene | 0.7 | β-Eudesmol | 0.2 | |||||
Myrcene | 1.8 | Terpinen-4-ol | 0.1 | Aromadendrene | 0.1 | |||||||
α-Phellandrene | 0.1 | α-Terpineol | 0.3 | (E)-β-Farnesene | 0.1 | |||||||
Limonene | 94.0 | Terpinolene | 0.1 | α-Guaiene | 0.1 | |||||||
γ-Terpinene | 0.1 | Geranyl acetate | 0.2 | |||||||||
Leaves | α-Pinene | 0.8 | δ-Elemene | 2.7 | β-Caryophyllene | 2.8 | Hedycaryol | 19.0 | [3] | |||
β-Pinene | 13.4 | Linalool | 6.1 | α-Humulene | 0.6 | (Z)-Nerolidol | 1.2 | |||||
Myrcene | 0.2 | Terpinen-4-ol | 0.4 | α-Sesqui-phellandrene | 18.3 | α-Eudesmol | 14.4 | |||||
α-Phellandrene | 0.8 | α-Terpineol | 0.3 | α-Selinene | 1.8 | β-Eudesmol | 8.6 | |||||
Limonene | 0.7 | β-Elemene | 1.1 | δ-Cadinene | 0.5 | Elemol | 0.6 | |||||
trans-β-Ocimene | 2.0 | Geranyl acetate | 0.1 | Phytol | 0.4 |
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Md Othman, S.N.A.; Hassan, M.A.; Nahar, L.; Basar, N.; Jamil, S.; Sarker, S.D. Essential Oils from the Malaysian Citrus (Rutaceae) Medicinal Plants. Medicines 2016, 3, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3020013
Md Othman SNA, Hassan MA, Nahar L, Basar N, Jamil S, Sarker SD. Essential Oils from the Malaysian Citrus (Rutaceae) Medicinal Plants. Medicines. 2016; 3(2):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3020013
Chicago/Turabian StyleMd Othman, Siti Nur Atiqah, Muhammad Aizam Hassan, Lutfun Nahar, Norazah Basar, Shajarahtunnur Jamil, and Satyajit D. Sarker. 2016. "Essential Oils from the Malaysian Citrus (Rutaceae) Medicinal Plants" Medicines 3, no. 2: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3020013