Assessment of EMF Troubles of Biological and Instrumental Medical Questions and Analysis of Their Compliance with Standards
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. EMF Exposure
2.1. Nature of EMF Sources
2.2. Interactions of Sources and Living Tissues
3. EMF Exposure Restrictions
3.1. Living Tissues Safety Standards
3.2. Medical Devices Constancy
4. Biological Effects of Exposure
4.1. Thermal Effects
4.2. Non-Thermal Effects
5. Verification and Control of EMF Effects
6. Mathematical Modeling of EMF Effects
6.1. Governing Equations
6.2. Solution Approach
6.3. Tissues Representation
7. Cases of Verifications
7.1. Human-Induced EMFs due to Exposure to an IPT
7.2. EMC Control in a MRI
8. Discussion
- As discussed in the paper, such strategy of verification and control can be centered on numerical tools based on mathematical models including EMF and bio-thermal governing equations. Such strategy is summarized in Figure 5, which illustrates schematics of the strategy. Inputs are source characters, object geometry and parameters, exposure interval and tissue physical parameters. Outputs are distributed fields of E, B, J, SAR and ΔT, which permit us to verify standards thresholds in tissues and to control devices integrity via EMC analysis.
- Concerning power dissipation densities, as conferred in the paper, we have noticed that such dissipation in conductor or dielectric matter depends on not only the physical proprieties of conductivity and permittivity of the matter but also on the EMF involved frequency. The two dissipation types are related to the relative values of the conductivity and the permittivity multiplied by the angular frequency (σ and ω.ε). They are functions, respectively of σ and ω⋅ε″, where ε″ is the imaginary part of the permittivity ε that is frequency-dependent. It denotes the capacity of a dielectric to transform EMF energy into heat.
- Wide practice of wireless communication tools in one usage requires estimation exhibiting all these tools, taking into account the likely exposure effects of each. This combined devices situation requests a global SAR evaluation in the various tissues. This complex problem looks significant mainly if the frequencies of the sources are different. This problem could be grave in numerous real environments linked mainly to indoor instances such as therapeutic centers, shopping malls, etc. A future exploratory challenge could be the establishment of a mathematical EM model relating ‘n’ diverse frequencies exclusive of doing ‘n’ successive solutions. This would be, in addition to disproportionate computations, incorrect due to ignoring the interactions of sources. Sole particular numeric extensions would solve this problematic issue.
- This contribution may be of interest to the various players involved in this subject, in particular the digital communication wireless energy systems industry, standardization authorities, medical staff, patients, the medical instruments and devices industry and researchers in various fields.
9. Conclusions
- The compliance with the standards of the exposed living tissues of the body and rules relating to disturbances of medical devices acting on the body have been analyzed, illustrated and evaluated.
- Exposure biological effects including both thermal and non-thermal effects as well as interaction of EMF with medical devices have been illustrated and discussed.
- Verification and control of EMF effects have been demonstrated via mathematical modeling of EMF effects through their governing equations and illustrated in the two studied categories by two examples of cases of verifications: human tissues-induced EMF and EMC control in a MRI.
- A future investigative challenge would be the exposure mathematical model of combined sources with different frequencies.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Razek, A. Assessment of EMF Troubles of Biological and Instrumental Medical Questions and Analysis of Their Compliance with Standards. Standards 2023, 3, 227-239. https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3020018
Razek A. Assessment of EMF Troubles of Biological and Instrumental Medical Questions and Analysis of Their Compliance with Standards. Standards. 2023; 3(2):227-239. https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3020018
Chicago/Turabian StyleRazek, Adel. 2023. "Assessment of EMF Troubles of Biological and Instrumental Medical Questions and Analysis of Their Compliance with Standards" Standards 3, no. 2: 227-239. https://doi.org/10.3390/standards3020018