Host–Pathogen Interactions and Correlated Factors That Are Affected in Replicative-Aged Cryptococcus neoformans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Yeast Strains and Isolation of Old C. neoformans Cells
2.2. Macrophage Cell Line Culture
2.3. Urease Activity
2.4. Analysis of the Golgi Apparatus
2.5. Polysaccharide Capsule Analysis
2.6. DNA Staining and Cell Cycle Analysis
2.7. Phagocytosis Assay, Phagosomal Acidification, and Phagosomal Permeability
2.8. Time-Lapse Microscopy and Vomocytosis Rate
2.9. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Aging on Urease Activity in C. neoformans
3.2. Longevity in C. neoformans Affects Golgi Apparatus and Capsular Properties
3.3. Old C. neoformans Presented an Increase in DNA Content and G2 Arrest
3.4. Vomocytosis Phenomenon during Replicative Aging in C. neoformans
3.5. Old C. neoformans Prefer to Reside in Acidified Phagosomes
3.6. Generational Age in C. neoformans Influences Lysosomal Permeabilization
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Golgi Morphology | Young | Old |
---|---|---|
Peripherical | 62.85% | 60% |
Central | 37.15% | 40% |
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Silva, V.K.A.; Min, S.; Yoo, K.; Fries, B.C. Host–Pathogen Interactions and Correlated Factors That Are Affected in Replicative-Aged Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Fungi 2024, 10, 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10040279
Silva VKA, Min S, Yoo K, Fries BC. Host–Pathogen Interactions and Correlated Factors That Are Affected in Replicative-Aged Cryptococcus neoformans. Journal of Fungi. 2024; 10(4):279. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10040279
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Vanessa K. A., Sungyun Min, Kyungyoon Yoo, and Bettina C. Fries. 2024. "Host–Pathogen Interactions and Correlated Factors That Are Affected in Replicative-Aged Cryptococcus neoformans" Journal of Fungi 10, no. 4: 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10040279