Vertical Greenery as Natural Tool for Improving Energy Efficiency of Buildings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location
2.2. Terminology
2.3. External Surface Temperature and Microclimatic Monitoring
2.4. Determination of Thermal Properties
2.5. Electricity Saving
2.6. Saved CO2 Emissions
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Microclimate Monitoring
3.2. Surface Temperature on Unvegetated and Vegetated Façades
3.3. Dependence of Surface Temperature Difference on Global Radiation
3.4. Thermal Transmittance (U)
3.5. Hourly Heat Fluxes through Unvegetated and Vegetated Façades
3.6. Monthly Heat Fluxes through Unvegetated and Vegetated Façades
3.7. Elaboration of Green Factor for Green Vertical Cover Detached from Building Wall
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analysis of Variance | Parameters Estimated | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect | DF | SS | MS | F Value | Prob. | Parameter | Estimate | SE | T Value | Prob. |
Model | 1 | 46,137.49017 | 46,137.49017 | 10,647.3099 | 0 | Intercept (a) | 0.701 | 0.054492826 | 12.86966468 | 9.967 × 10−37 |
Error | 2457 | 10,646.80323 | 4.333253247 | GRext | 0.022 | 0.000210841 | 103.1858028 | 0 | ||
Total | 2458 | 56,784.2934 | 23.10182807 | |||||||
R-square: 0.81 | ||||||||||
Model | 1 | 14,497.3 | 14,497.3 | 1344.50 | 3.4 × 10−192 | Intercept (a) | 1.08 | 0.13 | 8.09 | 1.56 × 10−15 |
Error | 1086 | 11,710.0 | 10.8 | GRgap | 0.10 | 0.00 | 36.67 | 3.43 × 10−192 | ||
Total | 1087 | 26,207.4 | 24.1 | |||||||
R-square: 0.55 |
Wall Stratigraphy Elements | Thickness (m) | Conductivity, λ (Wm−1K−1) | Thermal Resistance, R (W−1m2K) | Thermal Transmittance, U (Wm−2K−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adductance (internal heat resistance) | 0.100 | |||
Internal plaster | 0.020 | 0.650 | 0.031 | |
Hollow bricks | 0.080 | 0.230 | 0.348 | |
Air gap | 0.055 | 0.260 | 0.212 | |
Hollow bricks exterior | 0.120 | 0.230 | 0.522 | |
Exterior plaster | 0.020 | 0.650 | 0.031 | |
Adductance (external heat resistance) | ||||
Thermal resistance of the building wall (R) | 1.243 * | |||
Thermal transmittance of the building wall (U) | 0.80 |
Year | Month | HFuf (kWhthm−2) | HFvf (kWhthm−2) | ΔHF (kWhthm−2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | May | 1.02 | 0.07 | 0.95 |
June | 3.00 | 0.73 | 2.27 | |
July | 3.39 | 0.95 | 2.44 | |
August | 3.91 | 1.37 | 2.54 | |
Total | 11.62 | 3.41 | 8.20 | |
2020 | May | 1.70 | 0.13 | 1.57 |
June | 1.94 | 0.4 | 1.54 | |
July | 3.47 | 1.37 | 2.09 | |
August | 3.68 | 1.71 | 1.97 | |
Total | 10.79 | 3.61 | 7.18 |
Month | |||
---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
May | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 0.80 ± 0.11 | 0.83 ± 0.13 |
June | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.84 ± 0.12 | 0.91 ± 0.10 |
July | 0.96 ± 0.15 | 0.86 ± 0.12 | 0.94 ± 0.05 |
August | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 0.74 ± 0.08 | 0.86 ± 0.12 |
September | 0.80 ± 0.14 | 0.67 ± 0.11 | 0.82 ± 0.12 |
Year | Month | HFvf (kWhthm−2) | (kWhthm−2) |
---|---|---|---|
2019 | May | 0.07 | 0.00 |
June | 0.73 | 1.01 | |
July | 0.95 | 1.29 | |
August | 1.37 | 1.62 | |
Total | 3.41 | 4.34 | |
2020 | May | 0.13 | 0.00 |
June | 0.4 | 0.21 | |
July | 1.37 | 1.34 | |
August | 1.71 | 1.57 | |
Total | 3.61 | 3.12 |
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Campiotti, C.A.; Gatti, L.; Campiotti, A.; Consorti, L.; De Rossi, P.; Bibbiani, C.; Muleo, R.; Latini, A. Vertical Greenery as Natural Tool for Improving Energy Efficiency of Buildings. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 526. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060526
Campiotti CA, Gatti L, Campiotti A, Consorti L, De Rossi P, Bibbiani C, Muleo R, Latini A. Vertical Greenery as Natural Tool for Improving Energy Efficiency of Buildings. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(6):526. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060526
Chicago/Turabian StyleCampiotti, Carlo Alberto, Lorenzo Gatti, Alessandro Campiotti, Luciano Consorti, Patrizia De Rossi, Carlo Bibbiani, Rosario Muleo, and Arianna Latini. 2022. "Vertical Greenery as Natural Tool for Improving Energy Efficiency of Buildings" Horticulturae 8, no. 6: 526. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060526