Changes in the Mechanical Behavior of Electrically Aged Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells: In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Indentation Loads with Varying Testing Velocity and State of Charge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Investigated Lithium-Ion Cell
2.2. Post-Mortem Analysis
2.3. Mechanical Testing
2.3.1. Experimental Design
2.3.2. Quasistatic Testing Device
2.3.3. Dynamic Testing Device
3. Results
3.1. Post-Mortem Analysis
3.2. Lateral Indentation
3.3. Cylindrical Indentation Long Side
3.4. Cylindrical Indentation Short Side
4. Summary and Conclusions
- The investigated aged pouch cells show a right-shifted force-displacement curve, a lower stiffness and deeper voltage drops under mechanical indentation in thickness direction compared to fresh cells. Furthermore, lower failure forces of aged cells can be noticed at 0% SOC.
- The right-shifted force-displacement curve in the thickness direction of the cell is caused by aging effects such as the growth of the SEI layer as well as lithium plating effects. The thickness increase of the anode examined in the SEM measurements correlates with the shift of the force-displacement curve at 0% SOC. This demonstrates electrolyte consumption within the cell, which has a direct influence on the size of the plateaus in the dynamic test.
- Under lateral loading, the fresh cell shows lower buckling stability. The most probable reason for this is the lower mechanical stability of the laminated composite. Aged cells are subjected to higher mechanical pressure in the thickness direction, which compresses the cell interior.
- Regardless of the aging condition, the cell under study shows two significant force drops under dynamic cylindrical indentation, with the former presumably involving failure of only the anode graphite layer and the latter involving failure of the separator.
- The influence of state of charge is similar under quasistatic and dynamic loading. Aged cells show a higher dependence on the state of charge.
- The tensile strength of the aged anode may be reduced by aging effects such as pitting corrosion, as these effects can lead to reduced adhesion between the current collector and the active material.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
C-Rate | Charging rate |
DMC | Dimethyl carbonate |
DoD | Depth of discharge |
EDX | Energy dispersive X-ray |
EV | Electric vehicle |
ICP-OES | Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry |
ISC | Internal short circuit |
LIBs | Lithium-ion batteries |
NCM | Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide |
SEI | Solid electrolyte interface |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
SOC | State of Charge |
SOH | State of Health |
TR | Thermal runaway |
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Test | SOC [%] | SOH [%] | QS | DYN | v [mm/s] | Load Direction | Investigated Parameter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lateral Indentation | 0 | 90/100 | x | 1 | v | SOH | |
Cylindrical Indentation Long Side | 0 | 90/100 | x | 1 | w | SOH | |
Cylindrical Indentation Short Side | 0/100 | 90/100 | x | 1 | w | SOC & SOH [27] | |
0/100 | 90/100 | x | 3000 | w | Strain Rate |
(a) Influence of Testing Velocity | ||||||||||||
Parameter | ||||||||||||
QS | DYN | QS | DYN | QS | DYN | QS | DYN | |||||
S [N/mm] | 66.8 | 104.8 | +57% | 69.3 | 108.7 | +57% | 55.5 | 96.0 | +75% | 60.9 | 87.2 | +43% |
[mm] | 2.87 | 2.38 | −17% | 3.01 | 2.58 | −14% | 3.04 | 2.55 | −16% | 3.97 | 4.14 | +4% |
[kN] | 133.9 | 100.3 | −25% | 140.2 | 104.2 | −26% | 104.0 | 93.9 | −10% | 136.9 | 110.1 | −20% |
(b) Influence of State of Charge | ||||||||||||
Parameter | ||||||||||||
Low | High | Low | High | Low | High | Low | High | |||||
S [N/mm] | 66.8 | 69.3 | +4% | 104.8 | 108.7 | +4% | 55.5 | 60.9 | +10% | 96.0 | 87.2 | −9% |
[mm] | 2.87 | 3.01 | +5% | 2.38 | 2.58 | +8% | 3.04 | 3.97 | +31% | 2.55 | 4.14 | +62% |
[kN] | 133.9 | 140.2 | +5% | 100.3 | 104.2 | +4% | 104.0 | 136.9 | +32% | 93.9 | 110.1 | +17% |
(c) Influence of Aging | ||||||||||||
Parameter | ||||||||||||
Fresh | Aged | Fresh | Aged | Fresh | Aged | Fresh | Aged | |||||
S [N/mm] | 66.8 | 55.5 | −17% | 69.3 | 60.9 | −12% | 104.8 | 96.0 | −8% | 108.7 | 87.2 | −20% |
[mm] | 2.87 | 3.04 | +6% | 3.01 | 3.97 | +32% | 2.38 | 2.55 | +7% | 2.58 | 4.14 | +60% |
[kN] | 133.9 | 104.0 | −29% | 140.2 | 136.9 | −2% | 100.3 | 93.9 | −6% | 104.2 | 110.1 | +6% |
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Sprenger, M.; Kovachev, G.; Dölle, N.; Schauwecker, F.; Sinz, W.; Ellersdorfer, C. Changes in the Mechanical Behavior of Electrically Aged Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells: In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Indentation Loads with Varying Testing Velocity and State of Charge. Batteries 2023, 9, 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020067
Sprenger M, Kovachev G, Dölle N, Schauwecker F, Sinz W, Ellersdorfer C. Changes in the Mechanical Behavior of Electrically Aged Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells: In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Indentation Loads with Varying Testing Velocity and State of Charge. Batteries. 2023; 9(2):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020067
Chicago/Turabian StyleSprenger, Marvin, Georgi Kovachev, Norbert Dölle, Florian Schauwecker, Wolfgang Sinz, and Christian Ellersdorfer. 2023. "Changes in the Mechanical Behavior of Electrically Aged Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells: In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Indentation Loads with Varying Testing Velocity and State of Charge" Batteries 9, no. 2: 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020067