Toward Scalable Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Sulfide Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Batteries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Liquid-Phase Synthesis Method
2.1. Suspension Synthesis
2.2. Solution Synthesis
3. Solvent Selection
3.1. Donor Number
3.2. Dielectric Permittivity
3.3. Solubility
4. Strategies for Rapid Synthesis
4.1. Solubilizer
4.2. Reactant Agent
5. Low-Cost Synthesis
5.1. Ion-Exchange Method
5.2. Sulfurizing Agent
6. Environmental Aspects
7. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Product | Treatment | Solvent | Reaction Time (h) | Ionic Conductivity (mS cm−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li3PS4 | Stirring | THF | 12 | 0.074 | [19] |
Li3PS4 | Stirring | ACN | 48 | 0.12 | [14] |
Li3PS4 | Shaking | EP | 6 | 0.20 | [33] |
Li7P3S11 | Stirring | DME | 72 | 0.27 | [20] |
Li7P3S11 | Stirring | ACN | 24 | 1.5 | [35] |
Li7P3S11 | Sonication | ACN | 0.5 | 1.0 | [32] |
Li7P3S11 | Microwave | anisole | 0.5 | 0.13 | [27] |
Li7P2S8I | Stirring | ACN | 36 | 0.63 | [31] |
Li7P2S8I | Shaking | EP | 6 | 0.34 | [23] |
Li7P2S8I | Shaking | EP | 1 | 1.0 | [36] |
Li6PS5Cl | Stirring | THF+EtOH | 36 | 2.4 | [37] |
Li6PS5Cl | Stirring | ACN+PTH | 24 | 2.8 | [38] |
Product | Treatment | Solvent | Reaction Time (h) | Ionic Conductivity (mS cm−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li3PS4 | Stirring | EDA | 3 | 2.3 × 10−3 | [44] |
Li7P3S11 | Stirring | EA | 2 | 0.12 | [21] |
Li6−xPS5−xCl1+x (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) | Stirring | EDA | ― | 2.9 | [25] |
Li10Ge2PS12 | Stirring | EDA+ET | 3 | 1.2 | [49] |
Solvent | Donor Number [kcal·mol−1] | Dielectric Permittivity | Boiling Point [°C] |
---|---|---|---|
1,4-dioxan | 15 | 2.2 | 101 |
Carbon sulfide | 2 | 2.63 | 46 |
Anisole | 9 | 4 | 154 |
Tetrahydropyran | 22 | 5.5 | 88 |
Ethyl acetate | 17 | 6 | 77 |
1,2-Dimethoxyethane | 24 | 7.2 | 83 |
Tetrahydrofuran | 20 | 7.6 | 66 |
Pyridine | 33 | 12 | 115 |
Ethylene diamine | 55 | 14 | 116 |
Ethanol | 32 | 19 | 78 |
Dimethylformamide | 27 | 36 | 153 |
Acetonitrile | 14 | 38 | 82 |
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Gamo, H.; Nagai, A.; Matsuda, A. Toward Scalable Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Sulfide Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Batteries. Batteries 2023, 9, 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070355
Gamo H, Nagai A, Matsuda A. Toward Scalable Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Sulfide Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Batteries. Batteries. 2023; 9(7):355. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070355
Chicago/Turabian StyleGamo, Hirotada, Atsushi Nagai, and Atsunori Matsuda. 2023. "Toward Scalable Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Sulfide Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Batteries" Batteries 9, no. 7: 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070355