Effect of Coarse Aggregate Grading on Mechanical Parameters and Fracture Toughness of Limestone Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- When the damage to the structure occurs at the level of average stresses that are significantly lower than the strength of the material;
- If the material does not show clear plastic deformations at room temperature under temporary loading;
- When there is a significant difference between the compressive and the tensile strength of the material;
- In a situation in which a given material is sensitive to stress concentrations, which means that at a critical moment, i.e., with the uncontrolled development of internal microcracks in the material, the local stresses become greater than the average stresses.
- Inclusions—coarse aggregate grains, sand, and unhydrated cement grains;
- A cement matrix as a capillary-porous body—a hardened cement paste in the form of a hydrated mass of cement.
- Type of stone material;
- Level of roughness (smoothness) of the aggregate;
- Size of coarse aggregate grains;
- Degree of cleanliness (dustiness) of the aggregate grain surface;
- Composite curing time.
- Research on the influence of the amount of limestone aggregate on the fracture toughness of concrete at shearing [30];
- Comparison of fracture toughness indicators in limestone concrete with aggregate that has a constant grain size of up to 20 mm in relation to the values of fracture mechanics parameters obtained for gravel concrete, with aggregate that has a maximum grain diameter of 32 mm [31];
- Analysis of fracture mechanics parameters, assessed with the mode II fracture, and microstructure of microcracks in concrete on limestone aggregates [32];
- Fracture toughness tests for three-point bending of concrete with dolomite aggregates [33];
- Assessment of the impact of limestone dust content on fracture processes in concrete [36];
- Evaluation of limestone rock fracture processes in I, II, and mixed-fracture models using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique [37];
- Numerical analyses of limestone rock fracture processes [38];
- Tests of fracture toughness of concrete in which part of the cement has been replaced with limestone powder [39];
- Assessment of ITZ microstructure and morphology in concretes with dolomite aggregates [40].
- A more conscious composing of concrete mixes with limestone aggregates;
- A precise forecasting of the operational properties of concrete composites containing fillers obtained from carbonate rocks.
2. Properties of Limestone Aggregates and Their Application in Construction and Infrastructure—Significance of the Study
- The chemical affinity of limestone aggregate and cement paste;
- The surface roughness of limestone grains.
- Low absorbability;
- Good frost resistance;
- Resistance to polishing and surface abrasion.
- The production of bituminous mixtures;
- Road foundations for the binding and levelling of wearing courses;
- Renovations and repairs of roads;
- Hardening the surface of alleys and garden paths.
3. Experimental Section
3.1. The Purpose and the Scope of the Research
- Critical stress intensity factor—;
- Critical crack tip-opening displacement—.
- Compressive strength—fcm;
- Splitting tensile strength—fctm.
3.2. Materials
3.2.1. Aggregates
- Natural pit sand with 2.0 mm maximum size, from Markuszów deposit—used as fine aggregate;
- Natural broken limestone, often used in the building industry, with 8.0 mm or 16.0 maximum size, from Trzuskawica deposit—used as coarse aggregate.
3.2.2. Binder
3.2.3. Water
3.2.4. Admixture
3.3. Mixture Design, Specimen Preparation and Curing Procedure
- Cubes for evaluating mechanical parameters fcm and fctm;
- Beams with one initial crack to assess the fracture toughness parameters , and CTODc.
3.4. Test Procedures
3.4.1. Examinations of Mechanical Parameters
3.4.2. Fracture Toughness Investigations
- Maximum load obtained in the tests, marked in red (Fmax);
- Tangent in the first phase of the F–CMOD relationship, highlighted in blue (Ci);
- Tangent in the second phase of the F–CMOD relationship, highlighted in yellow (Cu).
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Mechanical Parameters
4.2. Fracture Toughness
- About 3.0 kN for series L1 concrete, i.e., with a maximum grain size of up to 8 mm;
- Almost 5.0 kN for series L2 concrete, i.e., with a maximum grain size of up to 16 mm.
5. Summary and Conclusions
- 23% in the case of ;
- 28% in the case of .
- 15% in the case of fcm;
- 18% in the case of fctm.
- Concretes made of limestone aggregates with a maximum aggregate grain size up to 16 mm are characterized by increases in strength values fcm and fctm, of several percent to 20%, compared to concretes containing the same type of coarse aggregate with a smaller grain size of up to 8 mm (Table 9 and Table 10).
- Concretes with limestone aggregates with a maximum grain size of up to 16 mm behave like brittle materials during the ongoing destruction process. However, in concretes with a maximum grain size of up to 8 mm, signs of quasi-plasticity are visible during their destruction process (Table 11).
- Due to intensified feature for creating a diffusion zone in the ITZ area, larger grains of limestone aggregates are able to produce more compact contact points between coarse aggregate grains and the paste (Figure 4). This had a decisive impact on the obtained favorable strength parameters and fracture mechanics parameters in the L2 series concrete.
- The use of the research results presented in this study may be helpful in designing the composition of concrete mixtures with limestone aggregates with a focus on improving their fracture toughness. This, in turn, may contribute to obtaining a construction material with a reduced number of initial defects in the ITZ zone. Increases in mechanical parameters of concrete and an improvement of its fracture toughness will consequently lead to an increase in the reliability of concrete structures made of such materials.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Property | Unit | Aggregate Type | |
---|---|---|---|
Fine Aggregate (Sand) | Coarse Aggregate (Limestone) | ||
Specific Density | (g/cm3) | 2.60 | 2.85 |
Bulk Density | (g/cm3) | 2.20 | 2.70 |
Compressive Strength | (MPa) | 33 | 100 |
Modulus of Elasticity | (102 MPa) | 330 | 450 |
Absorption | (%) | 0.5 | 0.3 |
Fraction (mm) | Content of Aggregate Fraction (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sand | Coarse Aggregate, L1 | Mix | |
0–0.125 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 1.6 |
0.125–0.25 | 14.9 | 0.6 | 5.6 |
0.25–0.5 | 42.7 | 0.5 | 15.5 |
0.5–1.0 | 31.4 | 1.3 | 12.1 |
1.0–2.0 | 3.9 | 6.3 | 5.5 |
2.0–4.0 | 4.4 | 19.3 | 14.1 |
4.0–8.0 | - | 62.2 | 40.1 |
8.0–16.0 | - | 8.9 | 5.5 |
Sand point | 95.6 | 9.6 | 40.3 |
Fraction (mm) | Sand | Coarse Aggregate | Mix | |
---|---|---|---|---|
L2-1 | L2-2 | |||
0–0.125 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 2.1 |
0.125–0.25 | 16.2 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 5.1 |
0.25–0.5 | 42.2 | 0.6 | - | 11.3 |
0.5–1.0 | 31.1 | 1.2 | - | 10.7 |
1.0–2.0 | 5.2 | 3.8 | - | 4.1 |
2.0–4.0 | 2.8 | 17.5 | - | 8.6 |
4.0–8.0 | - | 66.8 | 10.8 | 33.8 |
8.0–16.0 | - | 6.5 | 88.6 | 24.2 |
Sand point | 97.2 | 9.2 | 0.6 | 33.3 |
Material\Constituent | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | Fe2O3 | K2O | P2O5 | TiO2 | Ag2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | 15.00 | 2.78 | 71.06 | 1.38 | 4.56 | 2.72 | 1.21 | - | - | - |
Material\Phase | C3S | C2S | C3A | C4AF | CaSO4 (Gypsum) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | 60.69 | 15.82 | 9.24 | 7.28 | 5.10 |
Analyzed Parameter | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specific Gravity (g/cm3) | Specific Surface Area (m2/g) | Average Particle Diameter (μm) | Setting Time (min) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | ||
Initial | Final | 2 Days | 28 Days | |||
3.11 | 0.33 | 40.0 | 207 | 298 | 23.3 | 50.0 |
Mix | OPC | W | P | Sand | Limestone: L1, 2–8 mm | Limestone: L2-1, 2–8 mm + L2-2, 8–16 mm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | 352 | 141 | 2 | 676 | 1207 | - |
L2 | 352 | 141 | 2 | 676 | - | 1207 |
Parameter Type | Parameter Characteristics |
---|---|
Testing machine used in the study | Walter + Bai AG hydraulic servo testing machine |
The shape of the specimens | Cube |
Specimens’ dimensions | 150 × 150 × 150 mm |
Studies that used specimens |
|
Number of specimens | 6 specimens for each test and each series of concrete |
Type of specimen load | Static |
Standards used in the studies |
Mix | (MPa) | δ (MPa) | ν (%) | , Max. (MPa) | , Min. (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | 39.17 | 1.09 | 2.8 | 42.15 | 37.88 |
L2 | 45.06 | 2.57 | 5.7 | 47.18 | 43.62 |
Mix | (MPa) | δ (MPa) | ν (%) | , Max. (MPa) | , Min. (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | 2.57 | 0.15 | 5.7 | 2.81 | 2.25 |
L2 | 3.03 | 0.2 | 6.2 | 3.23 | 2.87 |
Mix | Typical F–CMOD Curve |
---|---|
L1 | |
L2 |
Mix | (MN/m3/2) | δ (MN/m3/2) | ν | , Max. (MN/m3/2) | , Min. (MN/m3/2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | 0.99 | 0.13 | 8.98 | 1.28 | 0.76 |
L2 | 1.22 | 0.18 | 7.08 | 1.38 | 1.06 |
Mix | (m10−6) | δ (MPa) | ν | , Max. (m10−6) | , Min. (m10−6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | 10.02 | 1.28 | 8.76 | 13.16 | 8.45 |
L2 | 12.87 | 3.29 | 7.25 | 15.13 | 10.22 |
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Golewski, G.L. Effect of Coarse Aggregate Grading on Mechanical Parameters and Fracture Toughness of Limestone Concrete. Infrastructures 2023, 8, 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8080117
Golewski GL. Effect of Coarse Aggregate Grading on Mechanical Parameters and Fracture Toughness of Limestone Concrete. Infrastructures. 2023; 8(8):117. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8080117
Chicago/Turabian StyleGolewski, Grzegorz Ludwik. 2023. "Effect of Coarse Aggregate Grading on Mechanical Parameters and Fracture Toughness of Limestone Concrete" Infrastructures 8, no. 8: 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8080117