Vibrio cholerae Bacteremia: An Enigma in Cholera-Endemic African Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Year | Countries | Number of Cases | References |
---|---|---|---|
2000–2005 | Australia, Denmark, Spain, USA, Kuwait, Thailand, Malawi, Belgium, India, Korea, France, Taiwan, Slovenia | 38 | [10,14,16,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44] |
2006–2011 | USA, China, Finland, Poland, India, Taiwan, Austria, France, Qatar, Thailand, Chile, Malaysia, Italy, France, Argentina, Lebanon | 66 | [11,15,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67] |
2012–2017 | Japan, China, Argentina, Thailand, Australia, UK, India, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, Portugal, Vietnam, France, Netherlands, Austria, Greece, Pakistan, Canada | 47 | [2,3,6,7,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89] |
2018–2023 | Pakistan, China, Belgium, Lebanon, USA, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, India, Oman, Colombia | 34 | [5,8,9,13,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104] |
2. NOVC Clinical Presentation and Host Risk Factors
3. Pathogenesis of NOVC Bacteremia
4. Host Immunity and NOVC Bacteremia
5. Diagnosis and Treatment of NOVC Bacteremia
6. Conclusions
7. Highlights
- The low reported incidence of V. cholerae bacteremia infection in Africa is peculiar as cholera infections are endemic in Africa;
- The discrepancy between the global increase of V. cholerae bacteremia and low reported incidences in Africa may be explained by qualitatively and quantitatively insufficient routine laboratory diagnosis, which could have fatal patient outcomes;
- Rapid point-of-care diagnostic tools integrating information from both host responses and V. cholerae detection in blood are highly recommended;
- Advocacy to create awareness of NOVC bacteremia among African clinicians is paramount.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agyei, F.K.; Scharf, B.; Duodu, S. Vibrio cholerae Bacteremia: An Enigma in Cholera-Endemic African Countries. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9, 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9050103
Agyei FK, Scharf B, Duodu S. Vibrio cholerae Bacteremia: An Enigma in Cholera-Endemic African Countries. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2024; 9(5):103. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9050103
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgyei, Foster K., Birgit Scharf, and Samuel Duodu. 2024. "Vibrio cholerae Bacteremia: An Enigma in Cholera-Endemic African Countries" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 9, no. 5: 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9050103