High-Risk Areas for Congenital Zika Syndrome in Rio de Janeiro: Spatial Cluster Detection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Study Area
2.2. Data Source and Analysis
2.3. Congenital Zika Syndrome Notification
2.4. Maternal and Child Profile Associated with Congenital Zika Syndrome
2.5. High-Risk Clusters of Children with CZS: Spatial Distribution in the Socioeconomic Context
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Maternal and Child Profile Associated with Congenital Zika Syndrome
4.2. High-Risk Clusters of Children with CZS: Spatial Distribution in the Socioeconomic Context
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mother Characteristics | |||||
Neighborhood Residence (PA) | n | % | Pregnancy in Which Zika Infection Occurred (Trimester) | n | % |
1 | 5 | 11 | First | 35 | 75 |
2 | 3 | 6 | Second | 6 | 13 |
3 | 20 | 43 | Third | 1 | 2 |
4 | 4 | 9 | Ignored | 5 | 11 |
5 | 15 | 32 | |||
Total | 47 | 100 | |||
Age (years) | n | % | Race/color | n | % |
≤20 | 6 | 13 | Non-White | 27 | 58 |
21 to 30 | 22 | 47 | White | 19 | 40 |
31 to 40 | 16 | 34 | Ignored | 1 | 2 |
>40 | 3 | 6 | |||
Children with CZS characteristics | |||||
Gestational age at birth | n | % | Weight | n | % |
Term | 34 | 72 | <2500 g | 20 | 43 |
Premature | 13 | 28 | 2500 g or more | 27 | 57 |
Height | n | % | Cephalic perimeter | n | % |
<48 cm | 34 | 72 | <31.5 cm | 38 | 81 |
48 cm or more | 13 | 28 | >31.5 | 7 | 15 |
Ignored | 2 | 4 | |||
Z-score | n | % | Evolution | n | % |
<−3 | 23 | 49 | In follow-up | 41 | 87 |
−2 to −3 | 7 | 15 | Death | 6 | 13 |
−1.9 to 1.9 | 7 | 15 | Early neonatal | 1 | |
2 to 3 | 1 | 2 | Late neonatal | 1 | |
Ignored | 9 | 19 | Post-neonatal | 4 | |
Congenital abnormalities | n | % | |||
Brain | 42 | 89 | |||
Microcephaly | 40 | 85 | |||
Osteoarticular | 9 | 19 | |||
Ocular | 9 | 19 | |||
Auditory | 7 | 15 | |||
Development | 7 | 15 | |||
Hydrocephalus | 6 | 13 | |||
Kidneys | 3 | 6 | |||
Uterine growth restriction | 3 | 6 | |||
Hepatosplenomegaly | 3 | 6 | |||
Lungs | 2 | 4 | |||
Cardiac | 1 | 2 | |||
Liver | 1 | 2 | |||
Final diagnosis | n | % | |||
Microcephaly, brain changes, and changes in other systems | 20 | 43 | |||
Microcephaly and brain changes | 21 | 45 | |||
No microcephaly, with other congenital changes. | 6 | 13 |
PA | CZS | Social Development Index | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Districts | Average | SD | Median | Minimum | Maximum | ||
1 | 5 | 15 | 0.59 | 0.03 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.64 |
2 | 3 | 25 | 0.71 | 0.07 | 0.72 | 0.53 | 0.82 |
3 | 20 | 80 | 0.60 | 0.04 | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.72 |
4 | 4 | 19 | 0.60 | 0.11 | 0.59 | 0.28 | 0.77 |
5 | 15 | 21 | 0.56 | 0.05 | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.70 |
Total | 47 | 160 | 0.61 | 0.07 | 0.59 | 0.28 | 0.82 |
Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Radius | 1.47 km | 4.11 km | 4.25 km |
Live births (population) | 695 | 8630 | 3463 |
CZS | 3 | 7 | 4 |
Relative risk | 7.86 | 1.46 | 2.08 |
Likelihood ratio | 3,490,937 | 3,482,130 | 2,894,695 |
p-value | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.84 |
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Freitas, D.A.d.; Wakimoto, M.D.; Dias, S.; Souza-Santos, R. High-Risk Areas for Congenital Zika Syndrome in Rio de Janeiro: Spatial Cluster Detection. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9, 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9050105
Freitas DAd, Wakimoto MD, Dias S, Souza-Santos R. High-Risk Areas for Congenital Zika Syndrome in Rio de Janeiro: Spatial Cluster Detection. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2024; 9(5):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9050105
Chicago/Turabian StyleFreitas, Danielle Amaral de, Mayumi Duarte Wakimoto, Sónia Dias, and Reinaldo Souza-Santos. 2024. "High-Risk Areas for Congenital Zika Syndrome in Rio de Janeiro: Spatial Cluster Detection" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 9, no. 5: 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9050105