Analytical Model of Quantitative Texture Prediction Considering Heat Transfer Based on Single-Phase Material in Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Thermal Distribution Model and Molten Pool Geometry
2.2. Single-Phase Texture Model
- Generate/import the random texture of the substrate: randomly generate three Euler angles in the range of [0, 360], [0, 180], and [0, 360] for the , where one can also read files of saved texture (three Euler angles) information.
- Calculate the accurate melt pool border and record the border: x, y, and z locations.
- Calculate the slope values of the melt pool border with a smoothing method of averaging the slope values of several nearby pixels.
- Calculate the angle between the direction of the moving laser source and the growing direction of the solidifying material utilizing the geometric relationship by the smoothing method as well.
- Then, determine the solidification rate using .
- The thermal gradient is obtained using temperature distributions and calculating the average thermal gradient in the z-direction.
- For the texture/Euler angles calculation part, the focus is merely on the molten pool area. Due to the columnar-to-equiaxed transition conditions of ratio with relevant existing transition parameters, the equiaxed and columnar grain areas are determined. If it is an equiaxed grain area, assign it with random Euler angles, and if it is a columnar grain area, select the seed crystal direction with the maximum . Notice here that the border values and internal points values are calculated separately in the selection structure to avoid bugs and cover all of the points in the molten pool accurately.
- Store generated texture data in both EBSD data format (8 variables: 3 Euler angles, X-axis location, Y-axis location, layer, section, and phase (there is only the phase here)) and XRD data format (4 variables: 3 Euler angles and weight).
- Plot pole figures: write the data to CSV files, define file paths, input crystal symmetry, specimen symmetry, etc. Then, use the MTEX toolbox as well as relevant figure plot codes to plot the pole figures.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Thermal Distribution Model and Molten Pool Geometry
3.2. Single-Phase Texture Model
3.3. Discussion about the Influence of Laser Power and Scanning Velocity on Texture
3.4. Scalability of the Part Size of the Thermal Model and Texture Model
3.5. Discussion about Randomly Generated Texture
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties of Material | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Density () | 4428 | kg/ |
Bulk Thermal Conductivity () | 5–35 | W/m-K |
Melting Temperature () | 1655 | |
Absorption () | 0.818 | 1 |
Heat Capacity (C) | 500–800 | J/kg-K |
Powder Thermal Conductivity () | 0.21 | W/m-K |
Heat Convection Coefficient (h) | 24 | W/-K |
Radiation Emissivity () | 0.9 | 1 |
Room Temperature () | 20 | |
Stefan–Boltzmann Constant () | W/-K | |
Columnar/equiaxed Transition Coefficient (nn) | 3.2 | 1 |
Columnar/equiaxed Transition Coefficient (kk) | 1 |
Test | Laser Power (W) | Scan Velocity V (m/s) |
---|---|---|
1 | 20 | 0.2 |
2 | 40 | 0.2 |
3 | 60 | 0.2 |
4 | 80 | 0.2 |
Build Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Number of Layers | 10 |
Number of Seeds | 100 |
Number of Sections | 1000 |
Number of Grains | 20 |
Number of Track | 1 |
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Huang, W.; Wang, W.; Ning, J.; Garmestani, H.; Liang, S.Y. Analytical Model of Quantitative Texture Prediction Considering Heat Transfer Based on Single-Phase Material in Laser Powder Bed Fusion. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8020070
Huang W, Wang W, Ning J, Garmestani H, Liang SY. Analytical Model of Quantitative Texture Prediction Considering Heat Transfer Based on Single-Phase Material in Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2024; 8(2):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8020070
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Wei, Wenjia Wang, Jinqiang Ning, Hamid Garmestani, and Steven Y. Liang. 2024. "Analytical Model of Quantitative Texture Prediction Considering Heat Transfer Based on Single-Phase Material in Laser Powder Bed Fusion" Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 8, no. 2: 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8020070