Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test and Male Factor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
The Development of the Hypo-Osmotic Swelling (HOS) Test
2. Reduced Fecundity Associated with Low HOS Test Scores
2.1. Evaluation of the HOS Test as a Predictor of Subfertility in Males with Normal vs. Subnormal Motile Densities
2.2. Studies Questioning the Importance of the Subnormal HOS Test in Predicting Male Subfertility
2.3. Evidence That, While Sperm with Low HOS Test Scores Do Not Adversely Affect Fertilization and Embryo Development, Successful Implantation of the Embryo Is Markedly Reduced
3. The Association of Low HOS Test Scores and Other Subnormal Semen Parameters
The Sperm Viability Test (Sometimes Called the Vitality Test) vs. the HOS Test
4. Hypothesized Etiology of Infertility from Sperm with Low HOS Test Scores
4.1. Hypothesis as to Mechanism of How the Abnormal HOS Test Causes Infertility
4.2. IVF with ICSI to Correct Infertility Associated with Low HOS Test Scores
4.3. Consequences of Most IVF Centers Not Performing the HOS Test
4.4. Enzymatic Treatment of Sperm with Low HOS Test Scores to Improve Pregnancy Rates following IUI
4.5. Other Possible Ways to Negate the Adverse Effect on Female Fecundity Related to Male Partners’ Sperm with Subnormal HOS Tests
5. Improving Outcome of IVF-ET with ICSI by Selecting Sperm with Normal HOS Changes
Selecting Sperm That Are Non-Motile for IVF with ICSI
6. Possible Significance of HOS Subclasses Are Determined by Different Tail-Swelling Patterns
WHO Classification of HOS Patterns and Association with Sperm Abnormalities
7. Final Comments
8. Limitations of this Manuscript
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Semen sample is collected via masturbation into a sterile container or laboratory condom after a 2–3-day period of abstinence (see specimen collection) The materials and equipment needed are as follows:
A viability test for sperm should always be conducted in conjunction with the HOS test. The HOS score cannot exceed the percentage of viable sperm. The procedure for the HOS test is as follows:
|
Motile Density <10 × 106/mL | Motile Density ≥10 × 106/mL | Normal Morphology Strict Criteria <5% | Normal Morphology Strict Criteria ≥5% | % Motility <30% | % Motility ≥30% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# transfers | 106 | 76 | 95 | 74 | 71 | 111 |
Avg. age of female partners | 38.6 | 40.6 | 39.1 | 40.0 | 39.1 | 39.8 |
% clinical preg. rate/transfer | 32.1% | 25.0% | 37.9% | 21.6% | 25.4% | 31.5% |
% live-delivered preg. rate/transfer | 27.4% (n = 29) | 15.8% (n = 12) | 31.6% (n = 30) | 13.5% (n = 10) | 22.5% (n = 16) | 22.5% (n = 25) |
Avg. HOST score | 42.4% | 43.5% | 46.1% | 42.9% | 44.3% | 42.6% |
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Check, J.H.; Check, D.L.; Bollendorf, A. Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test and Male Factor. Reprod. Med. 2023, 4, 118-132. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed4020013
Check JH, Check DL, Bollendorf A. Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test and Male Factor. Reproductive Medicine. 2023; 4(2):118-132. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed4020013
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheck, Jerome H., Diane L. Check, and Aniela Bollendorf. 2023. "Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test and Male Factor" Reproductive Medicine 4, no. 2: 118-132. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed4020013