Self-Medication Practices among Adult Population in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Period
2.2. Study Area
2.3. Study Tools and Data Collection
2.4. Sampling and Sample Size
2.5. Outcomes and Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total N = 1320 | Self-Medication | χ2 | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 672 | 50.9 | 328 | 48.8 | 344 | 51.2 | 55.38 | <0.001 |
Female | 648 | 49.1 | 447 | 69.0 | 201 | 31.0 | ||
Age in years | ||||||||
≤30 | 915 | 69.3 | 569 | 62.2 | 346 | 37.8 | 16.22 | <0.001 |
31 to 60 | 361 | 27.3 | 180 | 49.9 | 181 | 50.1 | ||
>60 | 44 | 3.3 | 26 | 59.1 | 18 | 40.9 | ||
Years of schooling | ||||||||
<10 years | 510 | 38.6 | 315 | 61.8 | 195 | 38.2 | 43.31 | <0.001 |
10 years | 425 | 32.2 | 254 | 59.8 | 171 | 40.2 | ||
11–12 years | 172 | 13.0 | 100 | 58.1 | 72 | 41.9 | ||
>12 years | 92 | 7.0 | 25 | 27.2 | 67 | 72.8 | ||
No schooling | 121 | 9.2 | 81 | 66.9 | 40 | 33.1 | ||
Marital status | ||||||||
Unmarried | 682 | 51.7 | 406 | 59.5 | 276 | 40.5 | 1.09 | 0.580 |
Divorced/widowed | 21 | 1.6 | 14 | 66.7 | 7 | 33.3 | ||
Married | 617 | 46.7 | 355 | 57.5 | 262 | 42.5 | ||
Occupation | ||||||||
Farmer | 63 | 4.8 | 23 | 36.5 | 40 | 63.5 | 107.41 | <0.001 |
Day labor | 76 | 5.8 | 50 | 65.8 | 26 | 34.2 | ||
Housewife | 307 | 23.3 | 231 | 75.2 | 76 | 24.8 | ||
Business | 104 | 7.9 | 27 | 26.0 | 77 | 74.0 | ||
Private | 49 | 3.7 | 18 | 36.7 | 31 | 63.3 | ||
Others a | 690 | 52.3 | 412 | 59.7 | 278 | 40.3 | ||
Government | 31 | 2.3 | 14 | 45.2 | 17 | 54.8 | ||
Household income per month | ||||||||
<15,000 BDT | 938 | 71.1 | 586 | 62.5 | 352 | 37.5 | 20.57 | <0.001 |
15,000–30,000 BDT | 360 | 27.3 | 181 | 50.3 | 179 | 49.7 | ||
>30,000 BDT | 22 | 1.7 | 8 | 36.4 | 14 | 63.6 | ||
Residence | ||||||||
Urban area | 161 | 12.2 | 74 | 46.0 | 87 | 54.0 | 12.30 | <0.001 |
Rural area | 1159 | 87.8 | 701 | 60.5 | 458 | 39.5 | ||
Religion | ||||||||
Islam | 1156 | 87.6 | 692 | 59.9 | 464 | 40.1 | 5.07 | 0.024 |
Others b | 164 | 12.4 | 83 | 50.6 | 81 | 49.4 | ||
Family members | ||||||||
3–4 members | 592 | 44.8 | 322 | 54.4 | 270 | 45.6 | 24.83 | <0.001 |
5–6 members | 553 | 41.9 | 321 | 58.0 | 232 | 42.0 | ||
Above 6 members | 175 | 13.3 | 132 | 75.4 | 43 | 24.6 | ||
Smoking status | ||||||||
Smoker | 187 | 14.2 | 76 | 40.6 | 111 | 59.4 | 29.35 | <0.001 |
Non-smoker | 1133 | 85.8 | 699 | 61.7 | 434 | 38.3 | ||
Health insurance | ||||||||
Yes | 79 | 6.0 | 30 | 38.0 | 49 | 62.0 | 14.91 | <0.001 |
No | 1241 | 94.0 | 745 | 60.0 | 496 | 40.0 | ||
Member of a social group | ||||||||
Yes | 249 | 18.9 | 105 | 42.2 | 144 | 57.8 | 34.65 | <0.001 |
No | 1071 | 81.1 | 670 | 62.6 | 401 | 37.4 | ||
Health status check (after every 6 months) | ||||||||
Yes | 223 | 16.9 | 98 | 43.9 | 125 | 56.1 | 24.14 | <0.001 |
No | 1097 | 83.1 | 677 | 61.7 | 420 | 38.3 | ||
Knowledge of drug used | ||||||||
Adequate | 23 | 1.7 | 8 | 34.8 | 15 | 65.2 | 5.53 | 0.019 |
Inadequate | 1297 | 98.3 | 767 | 59.1 | 530 | 40.9 | ||
Present illness | ||||||||
Yes | 483 | 36.6 | 246 | 50.9 | 237 | 49.1 | 19.02 | <0.001 |
No | 837 | 63.4 | 529 | 63.2 | 308 | 36.8 | ||
Under treatment | ||||||||
Yes | 473 | 35.8 | 240 | 50.7 | 233 | 49.3 | 19.33 | <0.001 |
No | 847 | 64.2 | 535 | 63.2 | 312 | 36.8 | ||
Most frequent treatment modality | ||||||||
Modern | 873 | 66.1 | 563 | 64.5 | 310 | 35.5 | 37.24 | <0.001 |
Homeopathy | 284 | 21.5 | 139 | 48.9 | 145 | 51.1 | ||
Herbal | 69 | 5.2 | 34 | 49.3 | 35 | 50.7 | ||
Ayurvedic | 19 | 1.4 | 8 | 42.1 | 11 | 57.9 | ||
Quackery | 75 | 5.7 | 31 | 41.3 | 44 | 58.7 |
Variables | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Diseases conditions after self-medication | ||
Not relieved | 28 | 5.1 |
Relieved | 507 | 93 |
Don’t know | 10 | 1.9 |
Side effects of self-medication | ||
No | 528 | 96.9 |
Yes | 17 | 3.1 |
Variables and Categories | p-Value | COR 95% CI [LL–UL] |
---|---|---|
Gender Ref. (Female) | ||
Male | <0.001 | 2.33 [1.86–2.92] |
Age (Ref. >60 Years) | ||
≤30 Years | 0.680 | 0.88 [0.48–1.63] |
31 to 60 years | 0.250 | 1.45 [0.77–2.74] |
Years of schooling (Ref. No schooling) | ||
< 10 years | 0.290 | 1.25 [0.83–1.91] |
10 years | 0.153 | 1.36 [0.89–2.09] |
11–12 years | 0.128 | 1.46 [0.90–2.37] |
>12 years | <0.001 | 5.43 [2.99–9.84] |
Marital status (Ref. Married) | ||
Unmarried | 0.466 | 0.92 [0.74–1.15] |
Divorced/widowed | 0.407 | 0.68 [0.27–1.70] |
Occupation (Ref. Government sector) | ||
Farmer | 0.420 | 1.43 [0.60–3.43] |
Day labor | 0.051 | 0.43 [0.18–1.00] |
Housewife | 0.001 | 0.27 [0.13–0.58] |
Business | 0.044 | 2.35 [1.02–5.40] |
Private sector | 0.454 | 1.42 [0.57–3.54] |
Others | 0.111 | 0.56 [0.27–1.15] |
Household income (Ref. >30,000 BDT) | ||
<15,000 BDT | 0.017 | 0.34 [0.14–0.83] |
>15,000–30,000 BDT | 0.210 | 0.57 [0.23–1.38] |
Residence (Ref. Rural area) | ||
Urban area | 0.001 | 1.80 [1.29–2.51] |
Family members (Ref. More than 6 members) | ||
3–4 members | <0.001 | 2.57 [1.76–3.77] |
5–6 members | <0.001 | 2.22 [1.51–3.26] |
Religion (Ref. Others) | ||
Islam | 0.025 | 0.69 [0.50–0.95] |
Smoking status (Ref. Non-smoker) | ||
Smoker | <0.001 | 2.35 [1.72–3.23] |
Health insurance (Ref. No) | ||
Yes | <0.001 | 2.45 [1.54–3.92] |
Member of a social group (Ref. No) | ||
Yes | <0.001 | 2.29 [1.73–3.03] |
Health status check (after every 6 months) (Ref. No) | ||
Yes | <0.001 | 2.06 [1.54–2.75] |
Knowledge of drug used (Ref. Inadequate) | ||
Adequate | 0.024 | 2.71 [1.14–6.45] |
Present illness (Ref. No) | ||
Yes | <0.001 | 1.66 [1.32–2.08] |
Most frequent treatment modality (Ref. Quackery) | ||
Modern | <0.001 | 0.39 [0.24–0.63] |
Homeopathy | 0.241 | 0.74 [0.44–1.23] |
Herbal | 0.339 | 0.73 [0.38–1.40] |
Ayurvedic | 0.951 | 0.97 [0.35–2.69] |
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Roy, N.; Islam, M.N.; Shahjalal, M.; Siddiky, A.; Imran, S.M.; Aktarujjaman, M.; Hossain, M.M.; Rogers, B.T.; Biswas, K.K.; Hossain, E. Self-Medication Practices among Adult Population in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study. Epidemiologia 2024, 5, 146-159. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia5020010
Roy N, Islam MN, Shahjalal M, Siddiky A, Imran SM, Aktarujjaman M, Hossain MM, Rogers BT, Biswas KK, Hossain E. Self-Medication Practices among Adult Population in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study. Epidemiologia. 2024; 5(2):146-159. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia5020010
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoy, Nitai, Md. Nazrul Islam, Md. Shahjalal, Aysha Siddiky, Sultan Mahmud Imran, Md. Aktarujjaman, Md. Mobarak Hossain, Bryan T. Rogers, Kamal Krishna Biswas, and Ekhtear Hossain. 2024. "Self-Medication Practices among Adult Population in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study" Epidemiologia 5, no. 2: 146-159. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia5020010