Cellular Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Nested Case–Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Cohort
2.2. Statistical Methods
3. Results
Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | Naïve | SARS-CoV-2–Infected | Sequelae 1 | Reinfection 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Controls n = 36 | Cases n = 189 | Cases Sequelae n = 77 | Controls Non-Sequelae n = 103 | Cases Reinfection n = 78 | Controls No Reinfection n = 88 | |
Variables | ||||||
Age (years) Median (Range) 3 | 51 (1–82) ** | 44 (20–70) | 47 (19–71) ** | 42 (14–82) | 45 (18–69) | 44 (20–71) |
Male (%) | 16 (44.4) | 71 (37.6) | 27 (35.1) | 42 (40.8) | 30 (38.5) | 31 (35.2) |
Time (months) 3,4 | 11 (10–13) | 11 (1–28) | 11 (1–17) | 11 (4–28) | 11 (1–18) | 11 (4–28) |
Body mass index 3 (kg/m2) Median (Range) | 25.7 (17.5–44.4) | 26.2 (15–41.5) | 26.4 (16–41.5) | 26 (15.1–41.2) | 25.4 (16–40.6) | 26.4 (17.3–41.5) |
Smoking (%) | 16 (44.4) ** | 38 (28.2) | 19 (25.0) | 15 (14.6) | 13 (16.7) | 23 (26.4) |
Alcohol consumption (%) | 28 (77.8) | 139 (73.9) | 58 (75.3) | 75 (73.5) | 58 (75.3) | 67 (76.1) |
Physical exercise | 18 (50.0) | 112 (59.3) | 40 (52.0) | 66 (64.1) | 49 (62.8) | 50 (56.8) |
Chronic Disease (%) | 12 (33.3) | 73 (38.6) | 34 (44.2) | 35 (33.0) | 29 (37.2) | 37 (40.1) |
Vaccinated 5 (%) | 36 (100) | 183 (96.8) | 77 (100) | 97 (94.2) | 74 (94.9) | 87 (98.9) |
mRNA 6 only (%) | 25 (69.4) | 138 (75.4) | 57 (74.0) | 74 (76.3) | 54 (73.0) | 68 (78.2) |
mRNA+ others (%) | 11 (30.6) | 45 (24.6) | 20 (26.0) | 23 (23.7) | 20 (27.0) | 19 (21.8) |
3 doses (%) | 36 (100) ** | 126 (77.8) | 53 (68.8) * | 68 (66.0) | 44 (56.4) * | 63 (71.6) |
2 doses (%) | 0 | 53 (28.0) | 24 (31.2) | 25 (24.3) | 26 (33.3) | 24 (27.7) |
1 doses (%) | 0 | 4 (2.1) | 0 | 4 (3.9) | 4 (5.1) | 0 |
0 doses (%) | 0 | 6 (3.2) | 0 | 6 (5.3) | 4 (5.1) | 1 (1.1) |
Humoral immunity | ||||||
Anti-S IgG 3,7 AU/mL | 1512 (214–5681) | 1346 (115–5681) | 1410 (372–5681) | 1277 (115–5681) | 1132 (115–5681) ** | 1653 (189–5681) |
Anti-N IgG or IgM 8 | 0 (0) | 116 (61.4) | 44 (57.1) | 68 (66.0) | 56 (71.8) ** | 42 (47.7) |
Anti-N IgM | 0 | 25 (13.2) | 9 (11.7) | 16 (15.5) | 14 (18.0) | 8 (9.1) |
Anti-N IgG | 0 | 107 (56.6) | 41 (53.3) | 62 (60.2) | 52 (66.7) ** | 39 (44.3) |
Vit D 3,9 ng/mL | 28.1 (11.9–64.5) | 29.1 (12.5–70.8) | 30.3 (13.9–70.8) | 30.1 ± 9.4 | 30.2 ± 10.4 | 30.5 ± 9.3 |
Vit D 9 ≥30 ng/mL | 13 (36.1) | 86 (45.5) | 41 (53.3) | 43 (41.8) | 34 (43.6) | 44 (50.0) |
ABO blood groups | ||||||
O | 14 (58.9) | 80 (42.3) | 28 (36.4) | 47 (45.6) | 34 (43.6) | 35 (40.0) |
A | 18 (50.0) | 88 (46.6) | 37 (48.1) | 49 (47.6) | 36 (46.2) | 45 (51.1) |
B | 2 (5.6) | 17 (8.0) | 10 (13.0) | 5 (4.9) | 6 (7.7) | 8 (9.1) |
AB | 2 (5.6) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (2.6) | 2 (1.9) | 2 (2.6) | 0 |
Naïve Controls | Infected Patients Cases | Patients with Sequelae Cases | Patients with No Sequelae Controls | Patients with Reinfection Cases | Patients with No Reinfection Controls | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T-cell response | Frequency median and range (%) 1 | |||||
CD8+ for BA.2 1 | 0.11% (0–6.5%) | 0.08% (0–13.3%) | 0.09% (0–8.82%) | 0.07% (0–13.3%) | 0.08% (0–2.57%) | 0.10% (0–13.3%) |
CD4+ for BA.2 1 | 0.13% (0–0.85%) | 0.09% (0–2.37%) | 0.11% (0–2.37%) | 0.07% (0–1.67) | 0.09% (0–2.37%) | 0.10% (0–1.67%) |
CD8+ for Wuhan 1 | 0.10% (0–3.56%) | 0.09% (0–13.5%) | 0.10% (0–3.25%) | 0.08% (0–13.5%) | 0.07% (0–6.90%) | 0.11% (0–13.5%) |
CD4+ for Wuhan 1 | 0.10% (0–1.05%) | 0.08% (0–2.03%) | 0.08% (0–1.15%) | 0.08% (0–2.03%) | 0.07% (0–1.47%) | 0.09% (0–2.03%) |
Number of positives (%) | ||||||
CD8+ for BA.2 2 | 28 (77.8%) | 130 (68.8%) | 58 (75.3%) | 67 (65.0%) | 53 (68.0%) | 61 (69.3%) |
CD4+ for BA.2 2 | 31 (86.1%) | 144 (76.2%) | 67 (87.0%) | 69 (67.0%) | 60 (76.9%) | 67 (76.1%) |
CD8+ for Wuhan 2 | 29 (80.6%) | 136 (72.0%) | 61 (79.2%) | 68 (66.0%) | 52 (66.7%) | 66 (75.0%) |
CD4+ for Wuhan 2 | 32 (88.9%) | 146 (77.3%) | 69 (89.6%) | 72 (69.9%) | 59 (75.6%) | 70 (79.6%) |
CD8+ for BA.2 | CD4+ for BA.2 | CD8+ for Wuhan | CD4+ for Wuhan | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Groups | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
Infected patients Cases | 0.63 (0.77–1.46) | 0.52 (0.19–1.41) | 0.62 (0.25–1.50) | 0.42 (0.14–1.27) |
Naïve Controls | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Patients with sequelae Cases | 1.64 (0.85–3.17) | 3.20 (1.51–7.31) | 1.96 (0.99–3.89) | 3.71 (1.60–8.64) |
Patients without sequelae Controls | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Patients with reinfection Cases | 0.93 (0.49–1.81) | 1.01 (0.51–2.15) | 0.67 (0.34–1.31) | 0.80 (0.38–1.66) |
Patients with no reinfection Controls | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Groups | CD8+ for BA.2 | CD4+ for BA.2 | CD8+ for Wuhan | CD4+ for Wuhan |
---|---|---|---|---|
% positive | % positive | % positive | % positive | |
Infected Patients Cases | 68.8% | 76.2% | 72.0% | 77.3% |
Naïve Controls | 77.8% | 86.1% | 80.6% | 88.9% |
aOR 1 (96% CI) | 0.81 (0.32–2.08) | 0.39 (0.13–1.19) | 1.01 (0.37–2.77) | 0.45 (0.14–1.49) |
p-value | 0.668 | 0.097 | 0.982 | 0.191 |
Patients with sequelae Cases | 75.3% | 87.0% | 79.2% | 89.6% |
Patients without sequelae Controls | 65.1% | 67.0% | 66.0% | 69.9% |
aOR 1 (95% CI) | 1.24 (0.59–2.62) | 4.20 (1.76–10.0) | 2.33 (1.03–5.30) | 3.90 (1.50–9.52) |
p-value | 0.569 | 0.001 | 0.043 | 0.004 |
Patients with reinfection Cases | 67.0% | 76.0% | 66.7% | 75.6% |
Patients with no reinfection Controls | 69.3% | 76.1 | 75.0% | 79.6% |
aOR 1 (95% CI) | 0.94 (0.44–1.47) | 0.80 (0.36–1.78) | 0.84 (0.38–1.89) | 0.80 (0.35–1.85) |
p-value | 0.860 | 0.584 | 0.659 | 0.602 |
CD8+ for BA.2 | CD4+ for BA.2 | CD8+ for Wuhan | CD4+ for Wuhan | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI |
Age (years) | 1.03 (1.0–1.05) | 1.01 (0.93–1.03) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) |
Male | 1.09 (0.60–1.96) | 0.84 (0.44–1.58) | 1.24 (0.67–2.29) | 0.81 (0.42–1.57) |
Time (months) 1 | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) |
Smoking | 0.81 (0.49–1.81) | 0.67 (0.33–1.36) | 0.83 (0.42–1.63) | 0.69 (0.34–1.41) |
Alcohol consumption | 0.99 (0.51–1.92) | 1.04 (0.57–2.13) | 1.98 (1.04–3.79) | 1.04 (0.50–2.19) |
Physical exercise | 0.72 (0.41–1.31) | 0.87 (0.45–1.65) | 0.78 (0.13–1.43) | 0.50 (0.25–0.99) |
Chronic Disease | 1.64 (0.89–3.02) | 1.23 (0.63–2.39) | 1.07 (0.57–1.97) | 1.78 (0.88–3.60) |
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine | ||||
mRNA homologous vaccine | 1.39 (0.72–2.67) | 0.96 (0.46–2.01) | 1.05 (0.53–2.10) | 0.80 (0.36–1.73) |
3 doses versus 0, 1, or 2 doses | 1.88 (1.02–3.48) | 1.13 (0.57–2.26) | 1.42 (0.75–2.69) | 0.74 (0.35–1.57) |
Number of vaccine doses | 1.70 (1.12–2.60) | 1.15 (0.73–1.82) | 1.41 (0.92–2.15) | 1.10 (0.68–1.38) |
Humoral immunity | ||||
Anti-S IgG (AU/mL) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.94–1.10) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.01 (0.94–1.10) |
Anti-N IgM or IgG | 1.04 (0.54–1.85) | 1.08 (0.58–2.03) | 1.19 (0.66–2.15) | 0.92 (0.48–1.75) |
Anti-N IgM | 5.54 (1.27–24.2) | 1.16 (0.41–3.27) | 2.04 (0.67–6.21) | 2.07 (0.59–7.22) |
Anti-N IgG | 0.83 (0.47–1.48) | 0.88 (0.47–1.65) | 1.05 (0.58–1.90) | 0.53 (0.44–1.59) |
Vitamin D ng/mL | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.94 (0.97–1.03) |
Vitamin D ≥30 ng/mL | 0.88 (0.49–1.56) | 0.90 (0.48–1.69) | 0.95 (0.62–1.71) | 1.20 (0.62–2.39) |
ABO blood groups | ||||
O | 0.65 (0.36–1.15) | 0.80 (0.43–1.51) | 0.63 (0.35–1.15) | 0.69 (0.36–1.32) |
A | 1.36 (0.76–2.42) | 1.05 (0.56–1.99) | 2.41 (1.29–4.49) | 1.26 (0.66–2.41) |
B | 1.21 (0.42–3.49) | 1.57 (0.44–5.64) | 0.37 (0.14–0.95) | 0.99 (0.31–3.13) |
AB | 2.16 (0.24–18.8) | 1.44 (0.16–12.6) | 0.72 (0.13–4.04) | NC 2 |
CD8+ for BA.2 | CD4+ for BA.2 | CD8 + for Wuhan | CD4 + for Wuhan | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | aOR 95% CI | aOR 95% CI | aOR 95% CI | aOR 95% CI |
Age 1 (years) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) |
Male 2 | 1.01 (0.53–1.91) | 0.80 (0.41–1.56) | 1.13 (0.59–2.18) | 0.68 (0.26–2.86) |
Time 3 (months) | 0.89 (0.81–0.99) | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 1.0 (0.98–1.21) |
Body mass index 4 (kg/m2) | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) |
Smoking 5 | 0.76 (0.38–1.51) | 0.63 (0.31–1.30) | 0.82 (0.40–1.72) | 0.73 (0.34–1.57) |
Alcohol consumption 6 | 1.18 (0.59–2.36) | 1.15 (0.55–2.40) | 2.18 (1.20–4.33) | 1.03 (0.52–2.42) |
Physical exercise 7 | 0.66 (0.36–1.22) | 0.83 (0.44–1.60) | 0.77 (0.41–1.41) | 0.44 (0.21–0.99) |
Chronic Disease 8 | 1.03 (0.52–2.07) | 0.90 (0.43–1.90) | 0.87 (0.42–1.76) | 1.72 (0.78–3.79) |
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine | ||||
mRNA homologous vaccine 9 | 1.55 (0.77–3.11) | 1.04 (0.48–2.26) | 0.92 (0.44–1.92) | 0.82 (0.36–1.87) |
3 doses versus 9 0, 1, or 2 doses | 1.24 (0.60–2.56) | 0.87 (0.39–1.93) | 1.93 (0.92–4.05) | 0.74 (0.35–1.69) |
Number of vaccine doses 9 | 1.34 (0.83–2.17) | 0.99 (0.58–1.68) | 1.85 (1.13–3.03) | 1.19 (0.68–1.38) |
Humoral immunity | ||||
Anti-S IgG 10 (AU/mL) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.01 (0.99–1.00) |
Anti-N 10 | 1.42 (0.74–2.73) | 1.31 (0.57–2.21) | 1.06 (0.54–2.09) | 0.93 (0.46–1.89) |
Anti-N IgM 10 | 5.51 (1.92–25.5) | 1.01 (0.35–2.96) | 2.31 (0.71–7.48) | 1.98 (0.54–7.28) |
Anti-N IgG 10 | 1.13 (0.59–2.17) | 0.89 (0.44–1.80) | 0.92 (0.47–1.83) | 0.85 (0.42–1.73) |
Vitamin D 11 ng/mL | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) |
Vitamin D >29 ng/mL 11 | 1.07 (0.56–2.04) | 1.20 (0.60–2.40) | 0.95 (0.43–1.86) | 1.30 (0.64–2.68) |
ABO blood groups | ||||
O 12 | 0.71 (0.39–1.24) | 0.83 (0.44–1.58) | 0.61 (0.33–1.12) | 0.65 (0.34–1.26) |
A 12 | 1.14 (0.68–2.25) | 1.01 (0.54–1.92) | 2.61 (1.37–4.96) | 1.36 (0.70–2.64) |
B 12 | 1.29 (0.43–3.84) | 1.64 (0.45–5.89) | 0.34 (0.13–0.89) | 0.92 (0.29–2.66) |
AB 12 | 1.72 (0.19–15.8) | 1.37 (0.15–12.2) | 0.68 (0.11–3.89) | NC 13 |
Group | CD8 + for BA.2 | CD4+ for BA.2 | CD8+ for Wuhan | CD4+ for Wuhan |
---|---|---|---|---|
rs p-value | rs p-value | rs p-value | rs p-value | |
Naïve group | −0.04 0.812 | 0.014 0.934 | −0.133 0.438 | 0.224 0.188 |
Infected patients | 0.14 0.055 | 0.134 0.065 | 0.138 0.059 | 0.198 0.006 |
Patients with sequelae | 0.182 0.112 | 0.116 0.317 | 0.233 0.042 | 0.184 0.108 |
Patients without sequelae | 0.143 0.151 | 0.068 0.493 | 0.093 0.348 | 0.214 0.030 |
Patients with reinfection | 0.121 0.293 | 0.142 0.216 | 0.129 0.280 | 0.218 0.055 |
Patients with no reinfection | 0.129 0.232 | 0.163 0.130 | 0.112 0.300 | 0.157 0.144 |
Total sample | 0.122 0.068 | 0.118 0.078 | 0.103 0.124 | 0.203 0.002 |
Groups | CD8+ for BA.2 | CD4+ for BA.2 | CD8+ for Wuhan | CD4+ for Wuhan |
---|---|---|---|---|
% positive | % positive | % positive | % positive | |
Infected Patients Cases | 46.6% | 48.7% | 49.1% | 45.5% |
Naïve Controls | 52.8% | 61.1% | 50.0% | 53.8% |
aOR 1 (96% CI) | 0.74 (0.34–1.43) | 0.55 (0.24–1.24) | 1.16 (0.53–2.55) | 0.73 (0.33–1.61) |
p-value | 0.438 | 0.150 | 0.717 | 0.436 |
Patients with sequelae Cases | 49.4% | 55.8% | 50.7% | 46.8.% |
Patients without sequelae Controls | 45.6% | 41.8% | 47.6% | 44.7% |
aOR (95% CI) | 0.99 (0.52–1.92) | 1.96 (1.00–3.85) | 1.05 (0.55–2.02) | 1.16 (0.60–2.26) |
p-value | 0.495 | 0.050 | 0.875 | 0.657 |
Patients with reinfection Cases | 44.9% | 47.4.0% | 43.6% | 43.6% |
Patients with no reinfection Controls | 51.1% | 50.0% | 51.1% | 50.0% |
aOR (95% CI) | 0.69 (0.35–1.38) | 0.81 (0.41–1.63) | 0.82 (0.42–1.61) | 0.78 (0.40–1.54) |
p-value | 0.292 | 0.565 | 0.568 | 0.471 |
CD8+ for BA.2 | CD4+ for BA.2 | CD8+ for Wuhan | CD4+ for Wuhan | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) |
Age 1 (years) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.98 (0.97–1.01) |
Male 2 | 1.18 (0.67–2.08) | 1.14 (0.65–1.99) | 1.06 (0.11–1.86) | 1.02 (0.59–1.80) |
Time 3 (months) | 0.90 (0.83–0.99) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 0.98 (0.91–1.07) | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) |
Body mass index 4 (kg/m2) | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) |
Smoking 5 | 0.67 (0.35–1.26) | 0.53 (0.28–1.01) | 0.83 (0.45–1.57) | 0.94 (0.50–1.76) |
Alcohol consumption 6 | 1.06 (0.57–1.58) | 1.53 (0.82–2.85) | 1.60 (0.86–3.00) | 0.90 (0.42–1.68) |
Physical exercise 7 | 0.71 (0.41–1.23) | 0.83 (0.48–1.43) | 0.89 (0.42–1.53) | 0.84 (0.49–1.43) |
Chronic Disease 8 | 1.13 (0.62–2.07) | 0.90 (0.43–1.90) | 0.87 (0.42–1.76) | 1.72 (0.78–3.79) |
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine | ||||
mRNA homologous vaccine 9 | 1.38 (0.73–2.61) | 1.33 (0.70–2.50) | 1.20 (0.64–2.25) | 0.87 (0.47–1.64) |
3 doses versus 9 0, 1, or 2 doses | 0.96 (0.50–1.85) | 0.74 (0.38–1.92) | 1.75 (0.91–3.38) | 0.87 (0.46–1.67) |
Number of vaccine doses 9 | 1.16 (0.73–1.83) | 1.11 (0.71–1.73) | 1.72 (1.05–2.82) | 1.18 (0.76–1.86) |
Humoral immunity | ||||
Anti-S IgG 10 (AU/mL) | 1.01 (0.99–1.01) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.01 (1.0–1.01) |
Anti-N 10 | 1.16 (0.66–2.06) | 1.63 (0.91–2.89) | 0.92 (0.52–1.62) | 1.15 (0.65–2.04) |
Anti-N IgM 10 | 2.88 (1.11–7.43) | 2.10 (0.84–5.27) | 2.31 (0.85–5.31) | 2.27 (0.93–5.57) |
Anti-N IgG 10 | 0.88 (0.50–1.57) | 1,24 (0.70–2.19) | 0.83 (0.47–1.98) | 1.08 (0.61–1.91) |
Vitamin D 11 (ng/mL) | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) |
Vitamin D >29 11 (ng/mL) | 1.19 (0.67–2.12) | 0.73 (0.41–1.30) | 0.74 (0.42–1.86) | 0.87 (0.49–1.55) |
ABO blood groups | ||||
O 12 | 0.76 (0.44–1.31) | 0.77 (0.45–1.32) | 0.90 (0.53–1.54) | 0.76 (0.44–1.31) |
A 12 | 1.62 (0.94–2.77) | 1.37 (0.81–2.34) | 1.50 (0.88–2.56) | 1.72 (1.00–2.95) |
B 12 | 0.66 (0.25–2.76) | 1.64 (0.25–1.74) | 0.45 (0.16–1.23) | 0.26 (0.08–0.82) |
AB 12 | 0.43 (0.07–2.52) | 1.37 (0.32–10.26) | 0.50 (0.09–2.83) | 2.66 (0.46–15.21) |
Variables | Positive Cellular Immune Response > 0.0% | Positive Cellular Immune Response ≥ 0.10% |
---|---|---|
aOR 95% CI | aOR 95% CI | |
Age (years) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) CD8+ BA.2 | NS 1 |
Time (months) | 0.89 (0.81–0.99) CD8 + BA.2 | 0.90 (0.83–0.99) CD8 + BA.2 |
Alcohol consumption | 2.18 (1.20–4.33) CD8+ Wuhan | NS 1 |
Physical exercise | 0.44 (0.21–0.99) CD4 + Wuhan | NS 1 |
Number of vaccine doses | 1.85 (1.13–3.03) CD8 + Wuhan | 1.72 (1.05–2.82) CD8+ Wuhan |
Anti-S IgG (AU/mL) | NS 1 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) CD4 + BA.2; CD4 + Wuhan |
Anti-N IgM | 5.51 (1.92–25.5) CD8 + BA.2 | 2.88 (1.11–7.43) CD8 + BA.2 |
A blood group | 2.41 (1.29–4.49) CD8 + Wuhan | 1.72 (1.00–2.95) CD4 + Wuhan |
B blood group | 0.37 (0.14–0.95) CD8 + Wuhan | 0.26 (0.08–0.82) CD4 + Wuhan |
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Domènech-Montoliu, S.; Puig-Barberà, J.; Pac-Sa, M.R.; Orrico-Sanchéz, A.; Gómez-Lanas, L.; Sala-Trull, D.; Domènech-Leon, C.; Del Rio-González, A.; Sánchez-Urbano, M.; Satorres-Martinez, P.; et al. Cellular Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Nested Case–Control Study. Epidemiologia 2024, 5, 167-186. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia5020012
Domènech-Montoliu S, Puig-Barberà J, Pac-Sa MR, Orrico-Sanchéz A, Gómez-Lanas L, Sala-Trull D, Domènech-Leon C, Del Rio-González A, Sánchez-Urbano M, Satorres-Martinez P, et al. Cellular Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Nested Case–Control Study. Epidemiologia. 2024; 5(2):167-186. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia5020012
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomènech-Montoliu, Salvador, Joan Puig-Barberà, María Rosario Pac-Sa, Alejandro Orrico-Sanchéz, Lorna Gómez-Lanas, Diego Sala-Trull, Carmen Domènech-Leon, Alba Del Rio-González, Manuel Sánchez-Urbano, Paloma Satorres-Martinez, and et al. 2024. "Cellular Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Nested Case–Control Study" Epidemiologia 5, no. 2: 167-186. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia5020012