Autoimmune Hepatitis Management: Recent Advances and Future Prospects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Clinical Features
3. Diagnosis
4. The Original and Revised Scoring Systems
5. Simplified Scoring System
6. Proposed Pathogenesis
7. Disease Management
8. Mechanism of Action of Proposed Therapies
8.1. Glucocorticoids
8.2. Azathioprine
9. Pretreatment Evaluation
10. Experimental Therapies
10.1. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy
10.2. B Cell-Activating Factor of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Family (BAFF)
10.3. JKB-122
10.4. Future Therapies
11. Liver Transplantation
12. Metabolic Syndrome
13. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomarker | Description |
---|---|
ADA | Adenosine deaminase, a potentially useful marker for assessing disease activity and treatment response in autoimmune hepatitis. |
M65 Cytokeratin-18 | A marker of cell death that may reflect liver injury in autoimmune hepatitis. |
TGF-ß1 | Transforming Growth Factor beta-1, involved in hepatic fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis. |
BAFF | B-cell Activating Factor, associated with disease progression in autoimmune hepatitis. |
Anti-ASGPR | Autoantibodies against the asialoglycoprotein receptor, potentially useful for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. |
FOXP3/RORɣt Ratio | The ratio between the transcription factors FOXP3 and RORγt, which may serve as markers of disease activity in autoimmune hepatitis. |
DNase 1 | An enzyme that may be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. |
Ferritin | A marker of inflammation and oxidative stress in autoimmune hepatitis. |
CD74: MIF Ratio | The ratio between CD74 and Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF), potentially relevant in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. |
Vitamin D Receptor | Involved in immune regulation and may be a therapeutic target in |
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Sierra, R.; Marenco-Flores, A.; Alsaqa, M.; Barba, R.; Cuellar-Lobo, M.; Barberan, C.; Sierra, L. Autoimmune Hepatitis Management: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Livers 2024, 4, 240-252. https://doi.org/10.3390/livers4020017
Sierra R, Marenco-Flores A, Alsaqa M, Barba R, Cuellar-Lobo M, Barberan C, Sierra L. Autoimmune Hepatitis Management: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Livers. 2024; 4(2):240-252. https://doi.org/10.3390/livers4020017
Chicago/Turabian StyleSierra, Rebeca, Ana Marenco-Flores, Marwan Alsaqa, Romelia Barba, Marcela Cuellar-Lobo, Carla Barberan, and Leandro Sierra. 2024. "Autoimmune Hepatitis Management: Recent Advances and Future Prospects" Livers 4, no. 2: 240-252. https://doi.org/10.3390/livers4020017