Extraction and Composition of Lipids from Pomegranate Seed Oil from West Algeria †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Vegetable Matter
2.2. Reagents and Chemicals
2.3. Oil Extraction: Soxhlet
- Method A: A total of 20 g of Punica granatum seeds are placed in a Soxhlet apparatus with a flask containing 200 mL of solvent. Extraction is performed over 8 h. Afterward, the mixture is transferred to the rotary evaporator for complete solvent evaporation. The isolated oil is stored at −4 °C, and the yield is expressed as a percentage of the isolated oil weight relative to the weight of the ground seeds.
- Method B: In this modified protocol designed to shorten the extraction time, 20 g of Punica Granatum seeds are loaded into the extraction cartridge, which is then inserted into a flask containing 200 mL of solvent. After 30 min of refluxing, both the solvent and cartridge are transferred into a Soxhlet apparatus and refluxed for an additional 60 min. The mixture is then transferred to the rotary evaporator for complete solvent evaporation. The isolated oil is stored at −4 °C, and the yield is expressed as a percentage of the isolated oil weight relative to the weight of the ground seeds.
2.4. Physico-Chemical Analysis: Oil Quality Parameters
2.5. High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)—Lipid Classes
2.6. Analysis by Gas Chromatography (GC)-FID
2.6.1. Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs)
2.6.2. FAMEs GC-FID Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Localization and Quantification
3.2. Soxhlet Approach to Oil-Extraction
3.3. PSO Physico-Chemical Indices
3.4. Chemical Composition of the PSO
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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% Arils (Seed + Pulp) | % of Dried Seeds | |
---|---|---|
Atmi | 62.5 | 6.1 |
Valenciana | 65.8 | 7.9 |
Mollar Elche | 53.1 | 4.7 |
Solvent of Extraction | Solvent’s Boiling Point (°C) | Yield in Oil (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Method A | Method B | ||
n-Hexane | 68.7 | 15.62 | 16.25 |
Cyclohexane | 80.7 | 14.89 | 13.05 |
Petroleum Ether | 40–65 | 13.68 | 11.84 |
Chloroform | 62 | 13.3 | 16.5 |
Isopropanol | 83 | 17.21 | 17.11 |
Physico-Chemical Property | PSO of Atmi |
---|---|
Refractive Index (25 °C) | 1.5178 |
Density at 20 °C | 0.943 |
Iodine Index (g I2/100 g oil) | 153.04 |
Acid Index (mg KOH/g) | 2.24 |
Peroxide Index (meq O2/kg) | 1.69 |
Saponification Index (mg KOH/g) | 196.40 |
Viscosity(Pa.s) | 0.191 |
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) | 4.16% |
---|---|
Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) | 6.12% |
Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) | 89.72% |
Σ Unsaturated Acids | 95.84% |
Ratio SFA/(PUFA + MUFA) | 0.043 |
Fatty Acid | Percentage % | |
---|---|---|
Saturated | ||
Palmitic Acid | C16:0 | 2.43 |
Stearic Acid | C18:0 | 1.73 |
Mono-unsaturated | ||
Oleic Acid (n-9) | C18:1 | 5.69 |
Gondoic Acid (n-9) | C22:1 | 0.43 |
Poly-unsaturated | ||
Linoleic Acid (n-6) | C18:2 | 6.52 |
Punicic Acid (n-5) | C18:3 | 83.20 |
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Dib, S.; Mostefa-Kara, B.; Villemin, D. Extraction and Composition of Lipids from Pomegranate Seed Oil from West Algeria. Chem. Proc. 2023, 14, 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-27-16115
Dib S, Mostefa-Kara B, Villemin D. Extraction and Composition of Lipids from Pomegranate Seed Oil from West Algeria. Chemistry Proceedings. 2023; 14(1):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-27-16115
Chicago/Turabian StyleDib, Salima, Bachir Mostefa-Kara, and Didier Villemin. 2023. "Extraction and Composition of Lipids from Pomegranate Seed Oil from West Algeria" Chemistry Proceedings 14, no. 1: 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-27-16115