The Relationship between the Rhizothrichidae Por (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) and the Cletodoidea Bowman & Abele, Including the Establishment of a New Genus and the Description of a New Species †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Taxonomy
3.2. Description of the Female
- A2 allobasis with abexopodal seta; A2 exopod 1-segmented; P1 enp-1 without setae; P1 enp-2 inner and outer apical seta brush-like; 2
- -
- A2 allobasis without abexopodal seta; A2 exopod 2-segmented; P1 enp-1 with inner seta; P1 enp-2 inner apical seta brush-like; outer seta bare, short, geniculated, not brush-like; P2–P4 endopods 1-segmented, with 1 seta Monopenicillus gen. nov.
- 2.
- P2–P4 exopods 2-segmented; P2–P4 endopods 1-segmented, with at least 2 setae Tryphoema
- -
- P2–P4 exopods 3-segmented; P2–P4 endopods 2-segmented Rhizothrix.
4. Discussion
4.1. Outgroup and Character Selection
4.2. Phylogenetic Analysis
4.2.1. Assignment of the Rhizothrichidae to the Cletodoidea
- Body covered by a dense pubescence [body not completely covered with setules, denticles, or spinules];
- Female A1 distal segment apically with 1 strong spine [apical seta of distal segment of female A1 not remarkably short and thickened];
- P1 exopod distal segment with 2 long apical brush-like setae [P1 setae without apical brush];
- P1 endopod distal segment with 2 long apical brush-like setae [P1 setae without apical brush].
4.2.2. Phylogenetic Status of the Rhizothrichidae inside the Cletodoidea
4.2.3. Phylogenetic Characterization of the Rhizothrichidae
Remarks on the Phylogenetic Relationships within the Rhizothrichidae
The monophylum Tryphoema Monard, 1926
The monophylum Rhizothrix Sars, 1909
Establishment of Monopenicillus gen. nov
4.2.4. Notes on Incongruent Characters
4.2.5. Remarks on Possible Sister–Group Relationships
A Possible Tryphoema–Rhizothrix Clade
A Possible Tryphoema–Monopenicillus gen. nov. Clade
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Exopod | Endopod | |
---|---|---|
P2 | I; I; II–2–1 | 0–1 |
P3 | I; I; II–2–1 | 0–1 |
P4 | I; I–1; II–2–2 | 0–1 |
No. | Character/Taxon (Apomorphy = 1, Plesiomorphy = 0) | Cletodoidea | Tryphoema | Rhizothrix | Monopenicillus gen. nov. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1*–13* | Thirteen autapomorphies of Cletodoidea listed by George (2020), shared with Rhizotrichidae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
14 | P2 exp-3 with at most 1 inner seta [with 2 setae] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
15 | P3 exp-3 with at most 1 inner seta [with 2 setae] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
16 | P3 distal endopodal segment with at most 1 inner seta [with at least 2 inner setae] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
17 | P4 distal endopodal segment with at most 1 inner seta [with at least 2 inner setae] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
18 | Female A1 distal segment (sub-)apically with 1 strong spinulose element [no such element developed] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
19 | P1 exp-3 with at least 1 long seta with apical brush [P1 exp-3 without brush-like setae] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
20 | P1 enp-2 with at least 1 inner apical seta brush-like [seta without apical brush] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
21 | Furcal seta III absent [seta III still present] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
22 | P2 exopod 2-segmented [exopod 3-segmented] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
23 | P3 exopod 2-segmented [exopod 3-segmented] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
24 | P4 exopod 2-segmented [exopod 3-segmented] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
25 | P2 distal exopodal segment without inner seta [with at least 1 inner seta] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
26 | P3 distal exopodal segment without inner seta [with inner seta] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
27 | P4 distal exopodal segment without inner seta [with at least 1 inner seta] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
28 | Female P5 basoendopods fused medially [separated] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
29 | A2 lacking abexopodal seta on allobasis [abexopodal seta still present] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
30 | P1 enp-2 lacking inner subapical seta [inner subapical seta still present] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
31 | P2 distal endopodal segment with 1 seta [with at least 2 setae] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
32 | P3 distal endopodal segment with 1 seta [with at least 2 setae] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
33 | P4 distal endopodal segment with 1 seta [with at least 2 setae] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
34 | P4 endopod minute, knob-like [endopod at least two times longer than broad] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
35 | Female P5 exopod fused with basoendopod [exopod distinct] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Incongruent characters | |||||
36 | Body densely covered by pubescense [no pubescense developed] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
37 | A2 exopod 1-segmented [exopod at least 2-segmented] | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
38 | P1 enp-1 without inner setae [with inner seta] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
39 | P1 enp-2 outer apical seta brush-like [seta without apical brush] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
40 | P2 endopod 1-segmented [endopod 2-segmented] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
41 | P3 endopod 1-segmented [endopod 2-segmented] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
42 | P4 endopod 1-segmented [endopod 2-segmented] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
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George, K.H.; Zey, A.; Packmor, J. The Relationship between the Rhizothrichidae Por (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) and the Cletodoidea Bowman & Abele, Including the Establishment of a New Genus and the Description of a New Species. Taxonomy 2023, 3, 528-550. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy3040030
George KH, Zey A, Packmor J. The Relationship between the Rhizothrichidae Por (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) and the Cletodoidea Bowman & Abele, Including the Establishment of a New Genus and the Description of a New Species. Taxonomy. 2023; 3(4):528-550. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy3040030
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorge, Kai Horst, Andreina Zey, and Jana Packmor. 2023. "The Relationship between the Rhizothrichidae Por (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) and the Cletodoidea Bowman & Abele, Including the Establishment of a New Genus and the Description of a New Species" Taxonomy 3, no. 4: 528-550. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy3040030